Table 1.
Participant characteristics (N = 200).
| Characteristics | Overall N (%) | Interest in Receiving Methadone
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | p-value* | ||
| N = 85 (42.5%) | N = 115 (57.5%) | |||
| Ethnicity | 0.341 | |||
| Malay | 142 (71.0) | 65 (45.8) | 77 (54.2) | |
| Indian | 35 (17.5) | 12 (34.3) | 23 (65.7) | |
| Other | 23 (11.5) | 8 (34.8) | 15 (65.2) | |
| Religion | 0.822 | |||
| Islam | 155 (77.5) | 66 (42.6) | 89 (57.4) | |
| Hindu | 26 (13.0) | 12 (46.2) | 14 (53.8) | |
| Other | 19 (9.5) | 7 (36.8) | 12 (63.2) | |
| Marital status | 0.074 | |||
| Currently married | 47 (23.5) | 14 (29.8) | 33 (70.2) | |
| Never married | 130 (65.0) | 58 (44.6) | 72 (55.4) | |
| Previously married | 23 (11.5) | 13 (56.5) | 10 (43.5) | |
| Highest level of education completed | 0.679 | |||
| Primary | 38 (19.0) | 17 (44.7) | 21 (55.3) | |
| Some high school | 66 (33.0) | 28 (42.4) | 38 (57.6) | |
| High school | 76 (38.0) | 34 (44.7) | 42 (55.3) | |
| University | 20 (10.0) | 6 (30.0) | 14 (70.0) | |
| Monthly income below poverty levela | 0.483 | |||
| Yes | 58 (29.1) | 27 (46.6) | 31 (53.4) | |
| No | 141 (70.9) | 58 (41.1) | 83 (58.9) | |
| Prior history of incarcerationa | 0.003 | |||
| Yes | 173 (86.9) | 81 (46.8) | 92 (53.2) | |
| No | 26 (13.1) | 4 (15.4) | 22 (84.6) | |
| Prior commitment to compulsory drug detention center (CDDC)a | 0.071 | |||
| Yes | 119 (59.8) | 57 (47.9) | 62 (52.1) | |
| No | 80 (40.2) | 28 (35.0) | 52 (65.0) | |
| HIV status | 0.360 | |||
| HIV-positive | 96 (48.0) | 44 (45.8) | 52 (54.2) | |
| HIV-negative | 104 (52.0) | 41 (39.4) | 63 (60.6) | |
| Depressiona | 0.061 | |||
| Yes | 88 (44.7) | 44 (50.0) | 44 (50.0) | |
| No | 109 (55.3) | 40 (36.7) | 69 (63.3) | |
| Prior methadone usea | 0.041 | |||
| Yes | 93 (48.2) | 48 (51.6) | 45 (48.4) | |
| No | 100 (51.8) | 37 (37.0) | 63 (63.0) | |
| Poly-substance use in the 30 days prior to incarceration | 0.027 | |||
| Yes | 72 (36.0) | 38 (52.8) | 34 (47.2) | |
| No | 128 (64.0) | 47 (36.7) | 81 (63.3) | |
| Ever injected drugsa | 0.002 | |||
| Yes | 136 (69.7) | 68 (50.0) | 60 (50.0) | |
| No | 59 (30.3) | 17 (28.8) | 42 (71.2) | |
| Injected heroin in the 30 days prior to incarceration | 0.258 | |||
| Yes | 99 (49.5) | 48 (56.5) | 51 (44.3) | |
| No | 101 (50.5) | 37 (43.5) | 64 (55.7) | |
| Frequency of heroin use in 30 days prior to incarceration | 0.003 | |||
| None | 31 (15.5) | 5 (16.1) | 26 (83.9) | |
| Intermittent | 36 (18.0) | 14 (38.9) | 22 (61.1) | |
| Daily | 133 (66.5) | 66 (49.6) | 67 (50.4) | |
| Addiction severity | 0.144 | |||
| Low | 80 (40.0) | 29 (36.3) | 51 (63.8) | |
| High | 120 (60.0) | 56 (46.7) | 64 (53.3) | |
| Positive attitudes toward methadone maintenance treatment (MMT)a,b | <0.001 | |||
| Low | 50 (25.4) | 8 (16.0) | 42 (84.0) | |
| Moderate | 103 (52.3) | 47 (45.6) | 56 (54.4) | |
| High | 44 (22.3) | 28 (63.6) | 16 (36.4) | |
| Interest in Receiving Methadone
|
||||
| Characteristics | Overall mean ± SD | Yes | No | p-value* |
| N = 85 (42.5%) | N = 115 (57.5%) | |||
| Age (years) | 40.9 ± 9.0 | 40.6 ± 8.9 | 41.1 ± 9.1 | 0.703 |
| Treatment readiness | ||||
| Recognition | 27.1 ± 3.2 | 27.6 ± 2.7 | 26.8 ± 3.5 | 0.099 |
| Ambivalence | 14.6 ± 2.0 | 14.7 ± 1.9 | 14.5 ± 2.1 | 0.530 |
| Taking steps | 31.0 ± 4.0 | 31.3 ± 3.6 | 30.8 ± 4.2 | 0.458 |
| Opioid use stigma | ||||
| Disclosure concerns | 14.7 ± 2.0 | 14.9 ± 2.0 | 14.6 ± 2.0 | 0.193 |
| Negative self-image | 14.1 ± 2.1 | 14.2 ± 2.3 | 14.0 ± 2.0 | 0.476 |
| Public attitudes | 14.7 ± 2.1 | 15.0 ± 2.3 | 14.4 ± 2.0 | 0.054 |
| Personalized stigma | 22.0 ± 3.6 | 22.6 ± 3.9 | 21.6 ± 3.3 | 0.057 |
Note: Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
*
P-value for X2 test for categorical variables or t-test for continuous variables.
a
Numbers may not sum to 200 due to missing data.
b
Based on mean summary score.