Table 1. Characteristics of Participants Included in the Study (N = 2221), and Excluded Due to Missing Data.
| Characteristics | Included participants (N = 2,221) | Excluded participantsa | p value for difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD)/median (IQR) | N with available datab | Mean (SD)/median (IQR) | ||
| Note. SEP = socioeconomic position; IQR = interquartile range. | ||||
| a Excluded participants are ALSPAC participants who were missing data for all psychosocial adversity variables, at least one of the physical and cognitive outcomes, and/or potential confounders. b The N with available data column shows the number of excluded participants with data for that particular variable. c For ease of interpretation of the average values, we present grip strength here. In the analyses, however, we used height-adjusted grip strength. d Median and interquartile range are presented for nonnormally distributed variables. For continuous variables, the difference between the means of those included and excluded from the analysis was tested using an unpaired t test. For categorical variables, the difference between those included and excluded from the analysis was tested using Pearson’s χ2 test. For nonnormally distributed variables, differences between those included and excluded from the analysis were tested using a Mann-Whitney U test. | ||||
| Outcomes | ||||
| Grip strength, kgc | 26.1 (6.6) | 527 | 25.8 (7.2) | .32 |
| Chair rise time, s | 23.4 (5.4) | 479 | 23.8 (5.8) | .14 |
| Standing balance test with eyes closed, sd | 4.8 (3.0, 9.9) | 506 | 5.0 (2.9, 9.4) | .82 |
| Three-meter timed walk speed, m/s | 1.25 (1.07, 1.36) | 522 | 1.20 (1.07, 1.25) | .01 |
| Logical memory test scored | 16 (13, 18) | 487 | 15 (13, 17) | <.01 |
| Digit-backward test scored | 7 (5, 9) | 485 | 7 (5, 9) | .04 |
| Spot-the-word test scored | 45 (39, 50) | 480 | 44 (37, 49) | .01 |
| Digit symbol coding test scored | 82 (72, 90) | 464 | 80 (69, 88) | <.01 |
| Verbal fluency test scored | 43 (35, 51) | 464 | 40 (32, 51) | <.01 |
| Delayed logical memory test scored | 15 (12, 17) | 469 | 14 (11, 16) | <.01 |
| Covariables | ||||
| Age at outcome assessment, yearsd | 50.6 (48, 53.6) | 550 | 50.4 (47.6, 53.7) | .65 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 98.0% | 10,027 | 97.2% | .04 |
| Nonwhite | 2.0% | 2.8% | ||
| Father’s (childhood) SEP | 8,093 | |||
| Nonmanual | 57.3% | 44.6% | <.001 | |
| Manual | 42.7% | 55.4% | ||
| Adulthood SEP | 9,199 | |||
| High | 68.8% | 51.8% | <.001 | |
| Low | 31.2% | 48.2% | ||