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. 2017 Jul 27;7(9):3157–3167. doi: 10.1534/g3.117.300078

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Copyright © 2017 Neale et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Phylogenetic placement of the PAL genes across land plants (dicots, monocots, lycophytes, and gymnosperms, with bryophytes as an outgroup). The green clade represents monocots (angiosperms), orange represents dicots (angiosperms), and the thick black line represents gymnosperms (signature of lineage-specific duplication). The conifer clade is bisected by the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorfii and the basal angiosperm Amborella trichopoda (cyan) indicative of early divergence and subsequent convergence in gene functions. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens (outgroup) is shown in red. An interactive version of the tree is available at http://itol.embl.de/tree/1379989172117161489685231#.