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Comprehensive gene expression analysis and protein analysis of granulosa cells show that granulosa cells proliferate during follicle development from an early antral follicle (EAFS; 0.5–0.7 mm in diameter) to an antral follicle (AFs; 1–3 mm in diameter), depending on the activation of the HIF1-VEGF-AKT-mTOR pathway and glycolysis as well as the suppression of mitochondrial functions. [25, 27].
