TABLE 1.

Characteristics of the clinical trials included in the meta-analysis of the effect of soy and soy isoflavones on obesity-related anthropometric measures

First author, year (reference)	Subjects	Age, y	Subjects, n, sex	Study design	Duration	Intervention	Control	Soy protein, g/d, or isoflavones, mg/d	Outcome
Soy
Arjmandi et al., 2005 (11)	Postmenopausal	50–651	62, F	Parallel	12 mo	Soy protein–based products	Non-soy foods	25	Weight, BMI
Azadbakht et al., 2007 (9a)	Postmenopausal	—	42, F	Crossover	8 wk	Soy nuts	Red meat	30	Weight, waist circumference
Azadbakht et al., 2007 (9b)	Postmenopausal	—	42, F	Crossover	8 wk	Soy protein	Red meat	30	Weight, waist circumference
Baer et al., 2011 (12)	Overweight and obese	40–60	48, M/F	Parallel	23 wk	Soy protein isolate	Whey protein	56	Weight, waist circumference, fat mass
Beavers et al., 2015 (13)	Obese	60–79	24, M/F	Parallel	12 wk	Soy protein–based meals	Whey- and egg-based meals	44	Weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass
Berger et al., 2014 (14)	Healthy	18–19	120, F	Parallel	16 wk	Soy protein meal shake	Casein meal shake	20	Weight, waist circumference, fat mass
Chiechi et al., 2002 (15)	Postmenopausal	39–60	67, F	Parallel	6 mo	Soy products	Usual diet	∼30	Weight, BMI
Christie et al., 2010 (16)	Postmenopausal	45–60	33, F	Parallel	3 mo	Soy protein shakes	Casein shakes	20	Fat mass
Faghih et al., 2011 (17)	Overweight and obese premenopausal	20–50	43, F	Parallel	8 wk	Calcium-fortified soy milk	Calcium supplement	25	Weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass
Kani et al., 2014 (18)	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	48.9 ± 3.62	30, M/F	Parallel	8 wk	Soy nuts	Red meat	10	Weight, BMI
Liao et al., 2007 (19)	Obese	20–60	30, M/F	Parallel	8 wk	Soy protein	Usual diet	45	Weight, BMI, waist circumference
Liu et al., 2010 (20a)	Postmenopausal	48–70	120, F	Parallel	6 mo	Soy protein + isoflavones	Milk protein	15	Weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass
Liu et al., 2010 (20b)	Postmenopausal	48–70	120, F	Parallel	6 mo	Soy protein + isoflavones	Milk protein + isoflavones	15	Weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass
Liu et al., 2013 (21)	Postmenopausal	48–65	180, F	Parallel	6 mo	Whole soy flour	Milk powder	12.8	Weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass
Ma et al., 2011 (22)	Hypercholesterolemic	25–70	90, M/F	Parallel	8 wk	Soy protein isolate	Milk protein	18	Weight, BMI
Maesta et al., 2007 (23)	Postmenopausal	45–70	21, F	Parallel	16 wk	Soy protein	Maltodextrin	25	BMI, waist circumference
Maskarinec et al., 2004 (24)	Premenopausal	43 ± 3	220, F	Parallel	2 y	Soy products	Usual diet	∼60	Weight, BMI
Moeller et al., 2003 (25)	Perimenopausal	42–62	45, F	Parallel	24 wk	Soy protein	Whey protein	40	Weight, fat mass
Moriguchi et al., 2008 (26)	High cardiovascular risk	45–60	37, F	Parallel	12 wk	Whole soy cell juice in peach juice	Peach juice	7.5	Weight, BMI
Noroozi et al., 2011 (27)	Hyperlipidemic	25–65	52, M/F	Parallel	4 wk	Soy protein	Usual diet	30	Weight, BMI, waist circumference
Simão et al., 2014 (28)	Metabolic syndrome	47.9 ± 10	30, F	Parallel	3 mo	Toasted ground soybean	Usual diet	13	BMI, waist circumference
St-Onge et al., 2007 (29)	Overweight	25–49	47, F	Parallel	12 wk	Soy-containing foods	Usual diet	25	Weight, waist circumference, fat mass
Tahavorgar et al., 2014 (30)	Overweight and obese	30–65	45, M	Parallel	12 wk	Soy protein isolate	Whey protein	54	Weight, BMI, waist circumference
Yamashita et al., 1998 (31)	Overweight and obese	30–61	36, F	Parallel	16 wk	Soy-containing foods	Lean meat	116	Weight, BMI, waist circumference
Isoflavones
Aubertin-Leheudre et al., 2007 (32)	Obese postmenopausal	50–70	50, F	Parallel	12 mo	Soy isoflavones	Placebo	70	Weight, BMI, fat mass
Cheng et al., 2015 (33)	Postmenopausal	45–65	82, F	Parallel	12 mo	Soy isoflavones	Placebo	300	Weight, BMI
Choquette et al., 2011 (34)	Overweight and obese postmenopausal	50–70	45, F	Parallel	6 mo	Soy isoflavones	Cellulose	70	Weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass
Colacurci et al., 2005 (35)	Postmenopausal	50–60	57, F	Parallel	6 mo	Soy isoflavones	Placebo	60	BMI
Delmanto et al., 2013 (36)	Postmenopausal	≥45	66, F	Parallel	10 mo	Soy isoflavones	Placebo	100	BMI, waist circumference
Garrido et al., 2006 (37)	Postmenopausal	45–60	29, F	Parallel	12 wk	Soy isoflavones	Placebo	100	Weight, BMI
Han et al., 2002 (38)	Postmenopausal	45–55	80, F	Parallel	4 mo	Soy isoflavones	Placebo	33.3	BMI
Lebon et al., 2014 (39)	Postmenopausal	50–70	34, F	Parallel	6 mo	Soy isoflavones	Cellulose	70	Weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass
Liu et al., 2010 (20)	Postmenopausal	48–70	120, F	Parallel	6 mo	Milk protein + isoflavones	Milk protein	100	Weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass
Llaneza et al., 2011 (40)	Obese postmenopausal	50–64	70, F	Parallel	6 mo	Soy isoflavones	Usual diet	80	BMI, waist circumference
Maskarinec et al., 2003 (41)	Premenopausal	35–46	30, F	Parallel	12 mo	Soy isoflavones	Placebo	100	Weight, BMI
Maskarinec et al., 2009 (42a)	Postmenopausal	40–60	106, F	Parallel	2 y	Soy isoflavones	Placebo	80	BMI
Maskarinec et al., 2009 (42b)	Postmenopausal	40–60	120, F	Parallel	2 y	Soy isoflavones	Placebo	120	BMI
Moeller et al., 2003 (25)	Perimenopausal	42–62	48, F	Parallel	24 wk	Soy protein-rich isoflavones	Soy protein-poor isoflavones	76	Weight, fat mass
Mori et al., 2004 (43)	Perimenopausal	40–60	70, F	Parallel	24 wk	Soy isoflavones	Placebo	100	BMI, fat mass
Weickert et al., 2006 (10)	Postmenopausal	59 ± 6	68, F	Crossover	8 wk	Soy isoflavone–enriched cereal bars	Placebo cereal bars	50	BMI
Wu et al., 2006 (44)	Postmenopausal	45–60	66, F	Parallel	6 mo	Isoflavones	Dextrin	75	Weight, BMI, fat mass

¹Range (all such values).

²Mean ± SD (all such values).