Table 3. Summary of the Meta-analysis for Cardiovascular Outcomes in Persons With Type 2 Diabetes.
| Outcome, DR Type | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies, No. | Participants, No. | Events, No. | IRR (95% CI) | Studies, No. | Participants, No. | Events, No. | IRR (95% CI) | Studies, No. | Participants, No. | Events, No. | IRR (95% CI) | |
| First CVD | ||||||||||||
| DME | 7 | 5553 | 910 | 1.65 (1.24-2.19) | 6 | 4662 | 810 | 1.46 (1.04-2.05) | 4 | 2285 | 427 | 1.48 (0.76-2.87) |
| PDR | 7 | 5514 | 1016 | 1.28 (1.03-1.58) | 4 | 3106 | 604 | 1.29 (1.00-1.66) | 3 | 2306 | 430 | 1.21 (0.85-1.72) |
| VTDR | 8 | 6343 | 1100 | 1.39 (1.16-1.67) | 5 | 3872 | 635 | 1.34 (1.07-1.69) | 4 | 2396 | 451 | 1.26 (0.92-1.73) |
| Fatal CVD | ||||||||||||
| DME | 5 | 3719 | 176 | 2.85 (1.43-5.68) | 5 | 3603 | 162 | 3.03 (1.43-6.43) | 4 | 2278 | 101 | 3.53 (1.35-9.25) |
| PDR | 5 | 3552 | 14 | 1.85 (1.04-3.28) | 4 | 3106 | 164 | 2.05 (1.03-4.07) | 3 | 2036 | 99 | 1.50 (0.56-4.03) |
| VTDR | 6 | 4309 | 258 | 2.33 (1.49-3.67) | 5 | 4012 | 185 | 2.40 (1.44-4.02) | 4 | 2389 | 101 | 2.20 (1.10-4.39) |
| First CHD | ||||||||||||
| DME | 7 | 4950 | 740 | 1.57 (1.16-2.14) | 5 | 3426 | 468 | 1.80 (1.00-3.26) | 4 | 2156 | 359 | 1.45 (0.73-2.88) |
| PDR | 6 | 4580 | 743 | 1.39 (1.09-1.76) | 4 | 2884 | 477 | 1.36 (1.02-1.81) | 3 | 1898 | 357 | 1.20 (0.82-1.76) |
| VTDR | 7 | 5288 | 802 | 1.47 (1.20-1.79) | 5 | 3648 | 504 | 1.44 (1.11-1.87) | 4 | 2256 | 375 | 1.32 (0.94-1.85) |
| Fatal CHD | ||||||||||||
| DME | 5 | 3519 | 150 | 3.55 (1.76-7.15) | 5 | 3411 | 136 | 3.80 (1.77-8.18) | 3 | 1810 | 89 | 3.77 (1.39-10.21) |
| PDR | 5 | 3287 | 208 | 2.11 (1.19-3.76) | 4 | 2884 | 139 | 2.33 (1.17-4.66) | 3 | 1898 | 89 | 1.70 (0.63-4.60) |
| VTDR | 6 | 4076 | 218 | 2.74 (1.74-4.32) | 5 | 3633 | 142 | 2.81 (1.67-4.74) | 3 | 1898 | 89 | 2.47 (1.21-5.06) |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; DME, diabetic macular edema; DR, diabetic retinopathy; IRR, incidence rate ratio; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; VTDR, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy.
a
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.
b
Model 2: model 1 additionally adjusted for current smoking, systolic blood pressure, use of hypertension medication, total cholesterol level, and body mass index.
c
Model 3: model 2 additionally adjusted for duration of diabetes, use of treatment for diabetes, and hemoglobin A1c level.