Skip to main content
. 2017 May 29;10(5):314–336. doi: 10.1111/cts.12474

Table 2.

Participant‐reported measures of engagement, 1973–2014

Citation Type of project Measure of engagement Description of measures # items used for measurement Stakeholder studied Statistics on measure? Relate measure to outcome? If yes, what is the result?
52. Algesheimer, 2005 Survey Community identification Strength of the consumer's relationship with the brand community. 5 Car club members alpha = .92 Yes Community engagement related to normative community pressure
52. Algesheimer, 2005 Survey Community engagement Consumer's intrinsic motivations to interact and cooperate with community members. 4 Car club members alpha = .88 Yes Community engagement related to normative pressure positively; community participation intentions, community recommendation intentions, membership continuance intentions
19. Andrews, 2008 Survey Effective citizenship Importance of supporting citizenship through engagement, and delivery structures (government departments) utilized to do so 2 English local government officers No No
19. Andrews, 2008 Survey Engaging local citizens Successful citizenship‐related activities to build culture of engagement in local government, and changes in internal working practices to enhance this. 2 English local government officers No No
20. Ayuso, 2011 Cross‐sectional survey Customer and employee engagement Single item on how the company incorporates customer feedback. For employees: lay‐offs and worker displacement policies, company systems for collecting and handling employee grievances and complaints, company‐specific job training, and selection rigor in company recruiting systems. 1 and 4 Employees and customers No Yes engagement related to corporate social responsibility measured in terms of fiscal investment in socially responsible areas
53. Brown, 2003 Cross‐sectional survey Future service Likelihood of practicing in underserved areas 1 Practitioners of community and public health No No
54. Bruning, 2006 Cross‐sectional survey Resident engagement with the local university Attendance a public event at the university in the past 6 months. 1 Local residents No Yes Attendance a university event is positively associated with respondent's positive perception of the university, and consideration of the university as an asset to the community.
55. Chiu, 2005 Cross‐sectional Survey Cynicism about community engagement "I don't see the point in participating in social services or community affairs, there is not much you can change." 1 Employed Hong Kong residents No Yes Cynicism about community engagement is the outcome variable; 5 categories of predictor variables were tested.
55. Chiu, 2005 Cross‐sectional Survey Judgment of a good society Importance of having more people who are willing to serve that society in a good society 1 Employed Hong Kong residents No Yes Increased importance placed on having more people willing to serve in a good society was found to predict less cynicism about community engagement.
55. Chiu, 2005 Survey Perception of deprivation Other people having more opportunities 1 Employed Hong Kong residents No Yes Increased perception of one's own social deprivation was found to predict increased cynicism about community engagement.
55. Chiu, 2005 Survey Perception ofbrk one's value to society "I feel valued by society" 1 Employed Hong Kong residents No Yes Decreased perception of value to society was found to predict increased cynicism about community engagement.
55. Chiu, 2005 Survey Social Trust General view of trusting others; Levels of trust in five groups of people. Mean of these values taken as composite variable. 2 Employed Hong Kong residents No Yes Increased social trust found to predict less cynicism about community engagement.
56. Chung, 2009 Survey Community engagement The perception that individual problems (in the study, depression and mental wellness) are problems of the community as a whole, on a 5 point scale (ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree) 4 Eligible attendees at the Talking Wellness events No Yes Collective efficacy to improve depression care related to community engagement
56. Chung, 2009 Survey Collective efficacy Ability of group to improve depression care 1 Eligible attendees at the Talking Wellness events Factor analysis mentioned but no data reported Yes Collective efficacy related to community engagement in terms of addressing depression. In confirmatory analyses, exposure to spoken word presentations and previous exposure to CPPR initiatives increased perceived collective efficacy
57. Beringer, 2012 Cross‐sectional Survey Stakeholder engagement' Two‐dimensional, 6 × 9 question matrix: Stakeholders marked a cross next to the position in the organization responsible for each of the nine specified activities. 9 Internal stakeholders of 223 portfolios, managers who were supposed to be operatively involved in project portfolio management processes. No No
58. Cuillier, 2008 Cross‐sectional Survey Attitudes toward community engagement Importance of six activities in the respondent's life. 6 Public via random‐digit dial national phone surveys alpha at least .70 Yes Community engagement is positively related to support for press access.
59. Davis, 2012 Cross‐sectional survey Questions on engagement with ARS Survey of participants on their views of using the ARS agreed or strongly agreed that they felt comfortable sharing their thoughts and opinions 3 Town hall meeting participants No No
60. De Freitas, 2013 Cross‐sectional survey Stakeholders' views and understanding of the public participation process Survey: choose among a set of five definitions for an effective communication and engagement process. 1 Participants were representative of diverse and key stakeholder groups and sectors in the region No No
60. De Freitas, 2013 Cross‐sectional survey Perceptions of public participation processes Ratings of the level of importance (with categories 1 = not at all important to 5 = extremely important) for 17 statements about possible outcomes and attributes of an effective engagement program in natural resource management. 1 Participants were representative of diverse and key stakeholder groups and sectors in the region alpha = .80 No
61. Deverka, 2012 Survey
  • 1.

    Representation

  • 2.

    Process

  • 3.

    Information

  • 4.

    Outcomes

 A online Likert‐scale for each component 29 Variety (Patients, consumers, healthcare providers, industry, purchasers and payers, and policymakers and regulators) No Yes Engagement related to goal of establishing a stakeholder‐driven priority‐setting process for cancer genomics comparative effectiveness research in a clinical trials cooperative
62. Khodyakov, 2012 Survey Community Engagement Research Index List of 12 research activities that community partners participate in, (1 = “Community partners did not participate in this activity”; 2 = “Community partners consulted on this activity”; and 3 = “Community partners were actively engaged in this activity.”) 12 Community partners No No
63. Durrant, 2012 Survey Community involvement "I help out in the community." And "I am an active member of a club or community organization." 2 pupils participating in the Youth Community Action pilot factor analysis mention No
64. Haga, 2013 Survey Positive feelings Survey instrument with trust and worry items 7 and 4 Middle school students and their parents/guardians

  • alpha = .7

  • alpha = .6

 No
65. Henderson, 2013 Survey Preferences for knowledge exchange preferences for research collaboration perspectives on the proposed research agenda Stakeholders knowledge exchange preferences, stakeholders research collaboration preferences, stakeholder research agenda perspectives 3 Multiple stakeholders primary sectors for survey respondents include: mental health, health, addictions, child welfare, education, justice, and others such as housing, shelters, outreach or employment services No No
66. Hoffman, 2010 Survey Community service questionnaire Perceptions of the importance of community service activity and civic engagement. Likert‐based scale 12 Undergrad students from Metropolitan State University in St. Paul, MN No No
67. Human‐Vogel, 2012 Survey Community engagement One overall scale with four subscales, each using five items to measure Satisfaction, Quality of alternatives mindfulness, and investment size 30 Midcourse undergraduates alpha = 0.91 Yes Several aspects of commitment to Community engagement related to spending time with cultural groups other than their own.
68. Jaskiewicz, 2013 Intervention Institutional recruitment scales

  1. What planned and actual procedures were used by Healthy HotSpot staff to recruit community institutions

  2. What planned and actual procedures were used by community partners to recruit stores

 3 Community partners are municipal governments, nonprofit organizations and faith‐based institutions in addition to the corner stores they recruited No No
69. Kang, 2013 Survey Neighborhood belonging The 4‐item subjective belonging index measuring feelings of attachment to a residential area. 4 225 elders recruited from five elderly colleges in Daegu, S. Korea alpha = .76 Yes Korean elders who used media frequently connected with local organizations, were actively involved in neighborhood activities and volunteering."
69. Kang, 2013 Survey Perceived collective efficacy Measure level of confidence regarding their neighbors' willingness to participate in neighborhood problem solving process 3 225 elders recruited from five elderly colleges in Daegu, S. Korea alpha = .76 Yes Korean elders who used media frequently connected with local organizations, and had conversations with neighbors often were actively involved in neighborhood activities and volunteering.
69. Kang, 2013 Survey Volunteering The degree to which respondents believed their neighbors would volunteer in the future based on past experiences. 2 225 elders recruited from five elderly colleges in Daegu, S. Korea alpha = .68 Yes Korean elders who volunteered with local organizations, and had conversations with neighbors were actively involved in neighborhood activities and volunteering.
69. Kang, 2013 Survey Length of residence and homeownership Indicate the number of years they had lived at their current residence 1 225 elders recruited from five elderly colleges in Daegu, S. Korea alpha = .84 Yes "Results found that Korean elders who used media frequently connected with local organizations, and had conversations with neighbors often were actively involved in neighborhood activities and volunteering."
69. Kang, 2013 Survey Scope of connections to community organizations Belonging to any of five different types of organizations: (1) sports or recreational, (2) religious, (3) neighborhood, (4) political, (5) other. 1 225 elders recruited from five elderly colleges in Daegu, S. Korea Alpha = .76 Yes "Results found that Korean elders who used media frequently connected with local organizations, and had conversations with neighbors often were actively involved in neighborhood activities and volunteering."
70. Kazemipur, 2011 Survey Canadian General Social Survey Self‐Interest Social Engagement, Cultural‐Community Participation, Political party activism, Political Information acquiring and sharing, Confidence in private institutions, Voting, Trust, Volunteering, Neighborliness, Group activity, Political expression, Social networks, Donation‐Youth‐Business, Confidence in public institution, Religion 45 General public, stakeholder in government Factor analysis and alphas presented for 15 subscales No
71. Krauss, 2012 Survey School engagement 6‐item scale measuring the respondents' adherence to the education goals and values of their school. 6 895 third year Muslim high school students from 19 schools throughout the Klang Valley (greater Kuala Lumpur region). alpha = .74 Yes School engagement significantly predicted religiosity for the full sample of students from both types of families
71. Krauss, 2012 Survey Mosque involvement 6‐item scale measuring the respondents' adherence to the education goals and values of their school. 2 895 third year Muslim high school students from 18 public secondary schools throughout the Klang Valley (greater Kuala Lumpur region). No Yes Mosque involvement significantly predicted religiosity for the full sample of students from both types of families
71. Krauss, 2012 Survey Youth organization involvement 6‐item scale measuring the respondents' adherence to the education goals and values of their school. 2 895 third year Muslim high school students from 18 public secondary schools throughout the Klang Valley (greater Kuala Lumpur region). No Yes Youth organization involvement significantly predicted religiosity for the full sample of students from both types of families
34. Kyle, 2010 Survey Community attachment scale Items measured along 5‐point scale of 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. 9 Residents in Southern CA; primarily white, educated men Alpha = .91 Yes Those most attached to their homes and community were more likely to report current use of the Firewise techniques and expressed greater likelihood of future use. Community attachment was more strongly predictive of community‐based activities.
72. Lee, 2009 Author report/literature review Percent skilled attendance at birth Meta‐analysis of community mobilization using 4 studies 9 Skilled birth attendant No Yes There was evidence that community mobilization with high levels of community engagement can increase institutional births and reduce perinatal and early neonatal mortality.
73. McComas, 2011 Survey Perceived fairness of university decision makers Respondents were asked how respondents perceived university decision makers would behave toward them and their community. 9 Tompkins county property owners selected from property tax rolls alpha = .93 Yes A significant positive relationship between fairness and support.
74. Narsavage, 2003 Survey Effects of service learning Quantitative pre and post‐testing. 14 Students from a service learning class No No
75. Nokes, 2005 Intervention Civic engagement Attitudes toward community involvement, influence of the service learning experience on choice of major and profession, and personal reflections on the service learning experience 12 Nursing students alpha = "acceptable" Yes Participants' civic engagement scores increased significantly after the intervention.
76. Orians, 2009 Survey Characteristics of networks (assessed both before and after the implementation) Participants rated several aspects of PACE involvement 4 Individuals in communities implementing PACE No No The measures were outcomes of program implementation.
77. Peterson, 2006 Survey Coalition structure and processes Factors identified as important for community involvement. Unclear Members of Allies Against Asthma coalitions No No
78. Phillipson, 2012 Survey Perceived impact on the stakeholders policies or practices and knowledge or understanding Response on 4 point scale 1 Multiple types of stakeholders in projects No Yes A close relationship is found between mechanisms and approaches to knowledge exchange and the spread of benefits for researchers and stakeholders.
78. Phillipson, 2012 Survey Perceived impact on research relevance and scientific quality Response on a 5 point scale 1 Multiple types of stakeholders in projects No No
79. Puddifoot, 2003 Survey Twelve items measuring personal community identity and 12 items measuring general community identity Personal view of the quality of community life and others view of community life 24 residents of defined community No No
80. Rawstorne, 2007 Cohort study Community engagement Dependent variable; Whether or not participants felt they were part of a positive community. 1 People living with positive HIV diagnosis No Yes Historical time of diagnosis and factors related to living with HIV help explain HIV‐positive community engagement.
43. Rinner, 2009 Survey Assessment of the engagement experience Participants were asked to rate six statements on a five‐point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. 7 Residents within or near the 'Queen West Triangle' in Toronto No No
81. Rosenberger, 2014 Survey Community engagement Which of gay or bisexual functions or activities they had participated in the city where they lived. 18 Coalition members affiliated with CTC Alphas not less than .55 No
82. Shapiro, 2013 Survey Goal‐directedness Efficiency Opportunity for participation Cohesion Participant surveys 17 Coalition members affiliated with CTC Factor analysis, with “reasonable” loadings No n/a
83. Thompson, 2010 Post‐test following a participatory planning workshop Participants' perceived benefits of attending the workshops New Ecological Paradigm Scale assessment and four questions. Unclear Scientists, decision makers and stakeholders No Yes Participants gained a greater understanding of complexity and system dynamics related to urban air shed
84. Tiernan, 2013 Survey Community Integration Measure

  1. Feel like they belong in their community;

  2. Know their way around their community;

  3. Know the rules;

  4. Feel accepted;

  5. Can be independent in their community;

  6. Like where they live,

  7. Feel close to others;

  8. Know people well enough to say hello;

  9. Have fun things to do; and

  10. 10. Have productive activities to do in their community.

 10 Older African Americans who participate in research alpha = .83 Yes Community engagement significantly related to well‐being.
48. Tiffany, 2012 Intervention Tiffany‐Eckenrode Program Participation Scale (TEPPS) Measuring theoretically significant characteristics of program participation: Personal Development, Voice/Influence, Safety/Support, and Community Engagement 21 Adolescents engaged in after school activities in NYC alpha = .90 No