Table 2. Number and proportion of acute watery, acute bloody and persistent cases among U5 diarrhoea hospitalisations and U5 diarrhoea deaths in various settings before rotavirus vaccine introduction.
| Source | Study location | Study type | Study period | Diarrhoea outcome | Age | TotalΔ n |
Acute Watery n |
Acute Bloody n |
Persis-tent* n |
Acute Watery % |
Acute Bloody % |
Persis-tent % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical syndromes of U5 diarrhoea hospitalisations | ||||||||||||
| GRSN | Indonesia | Surveillance hospitals (n = 5) | 2014–15 | Inpatients | <5yrs | 1840 | 1695 | 110 | 35 | 92% | 6% | 2% |
| Rwanda | Surveillance hospitals (n = 42) | 2012 | Inpatients | <5yrs | 9097 | 8878 | 199 | 20 | 98% | 2% | 0.2% | |
| Zambia | Surveillance hospitals (n = 3) | 2009–11 | Inpatients | <5yrs | 4381** | 3761 | 15 | - | 86% | 0.3% | - | |
| NRSN | India | Surveillance hospitals (n = 7) | 2013–14 | Inpatients | <5yrs | 5156 | 4940 | 196 | 20 | 96% | 4% | 0.4% |
| GEMS | Bangladesh | Case control study hospitals (n = 1) | 2007–10 | Inpatients | <5yrs | 337 | 171 | 154 | 11 | 51% | 46% | 3% |
| India | Case control study hospitals (n = 4) | 2007–10 | Inpatients | <5yrs | 437 | 411 | 17 | 10 | 94% | 4% | 2% | |
| Gambia | Case control study hospitals (n = 6) | 2007–10 | Inpatients | <5yrs | 440 | 397 | 14 | 28 | 90% | 3% | 6% | |
| Kenya | Case control study hospitals (n = 10) | 2007–10 | Inpatients | <5yrs | 175 | 129 | 3 | 44 | 74% | 1% | 25% | |
| Mozambique | Case control study hospitals (n = 6) | 2007–10 | Inpatients | <5yrs | 633 | 579 | 6 | 48 | 91% | 1% | 8% | |
| Clinical syndromes of U5 diarrhoea deaths | ||||||||||||
| Verbal | Bangladesh | Demographic surveillance (16) | 2003–11 | Deaths | 1-59m | 59 | 43 | 7 | 9 | 73% | 12% | 15% |
| autopsy studies | Pakistan | Demographic & Health Survey (16) | 2006–7 | Deaths | 1-59m | 318 | 213 | 22 | 83 | 67% | 7% | 26% |
| Cameroon | Subnational household survey*** | 2006–10 | Deaths | 1-59m | 166 | 125 | 20 | 22 | 75% | 12% | 13% | |
| Ethiopia | Demographic surveillance (16) | 2003–12 | Deaths | 1-59m | 60 | 19 | 6 | 35 | 32% | 10% | 58% | |
| Malawi | Subnational household survey*** | 2008–11 | Deaths | 1-59m | 149 | 118 | 18 | 13 | 79% | 12% | 9% | |
| Niger | Demographic & Health Survey*** | 2006–10 | Deaths | 1-59m | 160 | 104 | 32 | 24 | 65% | 20% | 15% | |
| Nigeria | Demographic & Health Survey*** | 2009–13 | Deaths | 1-59m | 537 | 435 | 70 | 32 | 81% | 13% | 6% | |
| Tanzania | Demographic surveillance (16) | 2000–11 | Deaths | 1-59m | 80 | 48 | 13 | 19 | 60% | 16% | 24% | |
| Uganda | Demographic surveillance (16) | 2007–10 | Deaths | 1-59m | 77 | 37 | 9 | 31 | 48% | 12% | 40% | |
ΔTotals for GEMS sites do not sum exactly due to rounding
*GRSN, NRSN and GEMS persistent cases include only those children who progressed to ‘persistent’ status (14+ days duration) after acute admission
** 605 cases in Zambia were classified as ‘non-infectious diarrhoea’, which is likely to include persistent cases as well as other cases that could not be classified as acute watery or acute bloody diarrhoea.
*** Henry Kalter, personal communication