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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 11.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016 Oct 31;12(12):738–753. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.156

Figure 3. In vitro systems to test nanoparticles.

Figure 3

a | Different types of primary renal cells can be seeded on a porous membrane coated with extracellular matrix (ECM) and cultured in microfluidic devices that mimic physiological conditions with apical fluid shear stress. These devices enable easy fluid sampling and addition of nanodrugs, which facilitates the high throughput testing of nanodrug nephrotoxicity and efficacy. b | Pluripotent stem cells can be induced to differentiatein vitro into mesoderm and renal organoids: 3D structures that contain several renal cell types. Organoids can be used as a platform to screen and test nanodrugs.