Table 1.
Intracellular fate of nanoparticles in various cell types.
| Cell type* | Origin | Nanoparticle | Purpose | Main endocytotic pathway | Fate/effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDA435/LCC6/MDR1 | Human | Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) (290 nm) | To enhance cellular accumulation and retention of doxorubicin | Phagocytosis | Nuclear localization | 184 |
| MDA435/LCC6/WT | Human | Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) (290 nm) | To enhance cellular accumulation and retention of doxorubicin | Phagocytosis and pinocytosis | ---- | 184 |
| EMT6/AR1 | Mouse | Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) (290 nm) | To enhance cellular accumulation and retention of doxorubicin | Phagocytosis | Nuclear localization | 184 |
| EMT6/WT | Mouse | Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) (290 nm) | To enhance cellular accumulation and retention of doxorubicin | Phagocytosis and pinocytosis | ---- | 184 |
| MCF-7 | Human | Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) (200 nm) | To deliver doxorubicin to cancer cells and bypass multidrug resistance | ------- | Cytoplasm accumulation | 185 |
| MCF-7/ADR | Human | Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) (200 nm) | To deliver doxorubicin to cancer cells and bypass multidrug resistance | ------- | Nuclei accumulation | 185 |
| BOEC | Bovine | Polystyrene nanoparticles (Fluorescent) (44 nm) | Delivery or imaging | ATP-independent endocytosis | Cytoplasm and subsequent release to culture medium | 186 |
| HCF | Human | Polystyrene nanoparticles (Fluorescent) (44 nm) | Delivery or imaging | ATP-independent endocytosis | Cytoplasm and subsequent release to culture medium | 186 |
| HRCE | Human | Polystyrene nanoparticles (Fluorescent) (44 nm) | Delivery or imaging | Multiple mechanism of ATP-dependent and -independent internalization pathways | Cytosol and endocytotic vesicles | 187 |
| J774A.1 | Mouse | Polystyrene nanoparticles (40 nm) | Delivery of therapeutic agents | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis | ------- | 81 |
| A549 | Human | Polystyrene nanoparticles (40 nm) | Delivery of therapeutic agents | Clathrin-mediated and caveolin-mediated endocytosis | ------- | 81 |
| HepG2 | Human | Carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (20 nm) | Delivery of therapeutic agents | Not through early endosomes | Cytosol compartments and mitochondria | 188 |
| C3A | Human | Carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (20 nm) | Delivery of therapeutic agents | Not through early endosomes | Cytosol compartments and mitochondria | 188 |
| Primary IRHCs | Rat | Carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (20 nm) | Delivery of therapeutic agents | Not through early endosomes | Cytosol compartments but not mitochondria | 188 |
| RAW 264.7 | Mouse | NH2-labeled polystyrene (PS) nanoparticle (60 nm) | Delivery of therapeutic agents | LAMP-1_ endosome | Lysosome, mitochondrial damage, and cytotoxic (apoptosis) | 150 |
| BEAS-2B | Mouse | NH2-labeled polystyrene (PS) nanoparticle (60 nm) | Delivery of therapeutic agents | caveolin-mediated endocytosis | Caveolar endosome, cytosol, mitochondrial damage and cytotoxic (necrosis) | 150 |
| HMEC | Human | NH2-labeled polystyrene (PS) nanoparticle (60 nm) | Delivery of therapeutic agents | LAMP-1_endosome | Lysosome and cytotoxic at high concentration | 150 |
| HEPA-1 | Mouse | NH2-labeled polystyrene (PS) nanoparticle (60 nm) | Delivery of therapeutic agents | LAMP-1_endosome | Lysosome cytotoxic at high concentration | 150 |
| PC-12 | Rat | NH2-labeled polystyrene (PS) nanoparticle (60 nm) | Delivery of therapeutic agents | - | Endosome, Nontoxic | 150 |
| Hela | Human | Carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (40 nm and 200 nm) | Delivery or imaging | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis | ----- | 151 |
| 1321N1 | Human | Carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (40 nm and 200 nm) | Delivery or imaging | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | ----- | 151 |
| A549 | Human | Carboxylated polystyrene nanoparticles (40 nm and 200 nm) | Delivery or imaging | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | ----- | 151 |
| 293T | Human | Alginate–chitosan nanoparticle (157 nm) | DNA transfection | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Clathrin-dependent endosomes and lysosomes | 189 |
| COS-7 | Monkey | Alginate–chitosan nanoparticle (157 nm) | Successful DNA transfection | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Clathrin-dependent endosomes and lysosomes | 189 |
| CHO | Hamster | Alginate–chitosan nanoparticle (157 nm) | Failed DNA transfection | Caveolin-mediated endocytosis | Caveolin-mediated endosomes and not lysosomes | 189 |
| MCF-7 | Human | Carboxylated Quantum dots (QD655-COOH) (15–21 nm) | Live cell fluorescence imaging | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Localized in Lysosomes | 190 |
| MCF-10A | Human | Carboxylated Quantum dots (QD655-COOH) (15–21 nm) | Live cell fluorescence imaging | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Localized in lysosomes | 190 |
| Hela | Human | Carboxylated Quantum dots (QD655-COOH) (15–21 nm) | Intracellular imaging and therapeutic applications | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Slow release from endosomes to cytoplasm | 191 |
| H1299 | Human | Silica nanoparticles (50 nm) | Deliver therapeutic agents | Non-specific endocytosis | Lysosome | 192 |
| A549 | Human | Silica nanoparticles (50 nm, 100 nm and 300 nm) | Delivery or imaging | Not clathrin or caveolin mediated | Lysosomes | 107, 193 |
| THP-1 | Human | Silica nanoparticles (60 nm) | Deliver therapeutic agents | Clathrin-mediated and caveolin-mediated endocytosis | Vesicles and lysosome | 194 |
| A549 | Human | Silica nanoparticles (60 nm) | Deliver therapeutic agents | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Vesicles and lysosome | 194 |
| Hela | Human | Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) (60 nm) | Deliver encaptured cargo | Macropinocytosis | Late endosomes, Lysosomes | 195 |
| NIH3T3 | Mouse | Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) (60 nm) | Deliver cargo | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Lysosomes | 195 |
Information on the various cell lines: The P-glycoprotein-overexpressing human breast carcinoma cell line (MDA435/LCC6/MDR1), the human breast carcinoma cell line (wild type) (MDA435/LCC6/WT), the P-glycoprotein-overexpressing murine breast carcinoma cell line (EMT6/AR1), the murine breast carcinoma cell line (wild type) (EMT6/WT), human breast cancer cell line (Michigan Cancer Foundation 7) (MCF-7), the P-glycoprotein-overexpressing MCF-7/adriamycin cell line (MCF-7/ADR), bovine oviductal epithelial cells (BOEC), human colon fibroblasts (HCF), primary human renal cortical epithelial cells (HRCE), mouse macrophage cell line (J774A.1), human alveolar epithelial type II cell line (A549), human hepatocyte cell line (HepG2), human hepatocyte cell line (C3A), primary isolated rat hepatocyte couplets (Primary IRHCs), murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7), human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B), the human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC), mouse hepatocyte cell line (HEPA-1), a cell line derived from pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla (PC-12), human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), human brain astrocytoma cell line (1321N1), human embryonic kidney cell line (293T), kidney cell line from African green monkey (COS-7), Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO), human non-tumorigenic epithelial cells (MCF-10A), human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line (H1299), human monocytic cell line (THP-1), and mouse embryo fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3).