Table 3. The depiction of several driver genes.

Gene	Location	Type of Alteration	Frequency	Function	Implication
EGFR	7p11.2	mutation	10–35%	activate the PI3K-AKT and RAS-MEK-ERK pathways central to the growth, survival, and migration of cancer cells.	Predictive & Prognostic
HER2	17q12	mutation	10–15%	Similar to EGFR;	Predictive #x0026; Prognostic
DDR2	1q23.3	mutation	4% of LSCCs	a RTK that binds collagen and involves in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism.	Predictive
ALK	2p23.2-p23.1	Chromosomal rearrangement	3–7%	Activate RAS-MEK-ERK, JAK-STAT3, and PI3K-AKT pathways central to proliferation and growth through	Predictive & Not prognostic
ROS1	6q22.1	Chromosomal rearrangement	1–2%	involve in the signal passway including JAK-ATAT3N, RAS/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and so on, to regulate cellular survival and proliferation in NSCLCs	Predictive & Not prognostic
RET	10q11.21	chromosomal rearrangement	1%	similar to ROS1	Not Predictive & Prognostic
MET	7q31.2	amplification	2–4%	associated with multiple human cancers	Prognostic (Negatively) only
FGFR1	8p11.23	amplification	20%	leads to downstream signaling via PI3K-Akt and RAS-MEK-MAPK related to the growth and survival of tumors	Prognostic (Negatively) only
PDGFRA	4q12	amplification	little	Influence tumor progression	Not Predictive & Not Prognostic
KRAS	12p12.1	mutaion	∼25% of adenocarcinomas	Involve in the RAS/RAF/ERK signal pathway to reguate cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism and promote the survial of tumors	Predictive & Prognostic
BRAF	7q34	mutation	1–3%	Simiar to KRAS	Not Predictive & Prognostic
PIK3CA	3q26.32	mutations	2%	heighten lipid kinase activity and constitutive PI3K-AKT signaling	Prognostic
PTEN	10q23.31	mutation	little	encode a lipid phosphatase that negatively regulates the PI3K-AKT pathway	Predictive & Prognostic
H3F3A	1q42.12	mutation	little	associated with lung cancer progression and promotes lung cancer cell migration by activating metastasis-related genes.	prognostic