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. 2017 Jun 16;6(8):e1338236. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2017.1338236

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© 2017 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

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Figure 2. — LTX-315 treatment leads to extracellular release of DAMPs in vitro. Rat TMSCs were treated in vitro with 17 μM of LTX-315 (IC₅₀) for selected time points (5, 10, 30 and 60 min), and analyzed for the release of ATP, Cytochrome c and HMGB1. (A) LTX-315-treated cells showed a rapid release of ATP into the supernatant with a peak around 10 min before a subsequent descent after 30 min. (B) Similarly, LTX-315-treated cells displayed an increase in cytochrome c release related to incubation time with a significant amount in the supernatant after 30 and 60 min. (C) Rat TMSCs treated with LTX-315 showed a translocation of the HMGB1 protein from the lysate (L) to the supernatant (S) using Western blot. Control cells showed no translocation after 60 min. All experiments were performed in triplicate, and quantitative data are presented as a mean ± SD.