Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics in 6 Nonexpansion and 10 Expansion States by Racial and Ethnic Group (2013–2015)
| Nonexpansion Statesa | Expansion Statesb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| Characteristic | NH White | Hispanic | NH Black | NH White | Hispanic | NH Black |
| Primary care visits per year, No. | ||||||
| 2013 | 157,315 | 176,816 | 141,747 | 430,373 | 252,809 | 95,034 |
| 2014 | 153,551 | 179,038 | 137,438 | 460,003 | 272,464 | 95,155 |
| 2015 | 140,857 | 182,242 | 129,934 | 434,072 | 281,938 | 94,030 |
| Patients, No. (%) | 113,119 (30.5) | 142,546 (38.5) | 92,626 (25.0) | 247,546 (49.5) | 153,453 (30.7) | 54,348 (10.9) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||||
| Female | 68,408 (60.5) | 90,759 (63.7) | 57,868 (62.5) | 137,750 (55.6) | 90,291 (58.8) | 29,035 (53.4) |
| Male | 44,705 (39.5) | 51,783 (36.3) | 34,756 (37.5) | 109,537 (44.2) | 63,113 (41.1) | 25,274 (46.5) |
| Other/unknown | 6 (<0.1) | 4 (<0.1) | 2 (<0.1) | 259 (0.1) | 49 (<0.1) | 39 (0.1) |
| Age-group as of January 1, 2014, No. (%) | ||||||
| 19–26 y | 16,884 (14.9) | 20,329 (14.3) | 16,710 (18.0) | 38,727 (15.6) | 26,493 (17.3) | 9,309 (17.1) |
| 27–39 y | 31,881 (28.2) | 44,079 (30.9) | 26,320 (28.4) | 74,722 (30.2) | 52,973 (34.5) | 15,933 (29.3) |
| 40–64 y | 64,354 (56.9) | 78,138 (54.8) | 49,596 (53.5) | 134,097 (54.2) | 73,987 (48.2) | 29,106 (53.6) |
| Primary language, No. (%) | ||||||
| English | 112,056 (99.1) | 53,878 (37.8) | 89,794 (96.9) | 239,022 (96.6) | 62,034 (40.4) | 47,212 (86.9) |
| Spanish | 0 (0) | 87,959 (61.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 90,684 (59.1) | 0 (0) |
| Other/unknown | 1,063 (0.9) | 709 (0.5) | 2,832 (3.1) | 8,524 (3.4) | 735 (0.5) | 7,136 (13.1) |
| FPL (last recorded), No. (%) | ||||||
| ≥138% | 80,786 (71.4) | 115,994 (81.4) | 72,067 (77.8) | 144,784 (58.5) | 106,914 (69.7) | 42,088 (77.4) |
| >138% | 15,061 (13.3) | 17,061 (12.0) | 11,154 (12.0) | 43,110 (17.4) | 18,045 (11.8) | 3,750 (6.9) |
| Unknown | 17,272 (15.3) | 9,491 (6.7) | 9,405 (10.2) | 59,652 (24.1) | 28,494 (18.6) | 8,510 (15.7) |
CHC=community health center; FPL=federal poverty level; NH=non-Hispanic.
Note: Wisconsin included as an expansion state because, although they did not expand Medicaid to 138% FPL, they opened enrollment to adults with eligibility criteria of 100% FPL and therefore behaved more like an expansion state than a nonexpansion state. Montana included as a nonexpansion state because they did not expand Medicaid until after our study period (expanded January 1, 2016).
a
Florida, Kansas, Missouri, North Carolina, Montana, and Texas.
b
California, Hawaii, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin.