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. 2017 Sep 11;7:11091. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11357-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relative expressions of detoxification and cuticle genes in MRS unexposed to and survivors of DDT (a), Deltamethrin (b), Etofenprox (c) and Permethrin (d). Bar plots represent the mean fold changes and error bars the standard deviations. Fold changes were determined by the ΔΔCt method with the susceptible reference Kisumu as calibrator. The bars above the dotted line (fold change = 1) represent upregulation, those under downregulation. The fold changes from three biological replicates and two independent experiments of both groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. *Significant difference (p-value < 0.05).