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. 2017 Sep 11;7:11238. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11680-5

Table 1.

A comparison between the PSA detection methods.

Detection method Recognition element Linear range (ng mL−1) LOD (pg mL−1) Reference
Fluorescence Dye-labeled aptamer/MoS2 nanosheets 0.5–300 200 16
Chemiluminescence Dye-labeled aptamer/Fe3O4-graphene oxide nanoparticles 1.6–50 500 17
Electrochemistry Aminated aptamer 1–100 1000 18
Electrochemistry Biotinated aptamer 0.25–200 250 5
Electrochemistry Aptamer-MIP hybrid 0.1–100 1 19
Electrochemical impedance Aptamer 0.007–6 1000 20
Electrochemistry Aptamer 0.125–200 50 34
Surface acoustic wave detection Aptamer beacon 10–1000 1.0 × 104 50
RLS assay Aptamer-modified AuNPs 0.13–110 320 51
Electrochemical immunoassay Label-free PSA antigen 0.05–5 13 52
Electrochemical immunoassay Graphene/cobalt hexacyanoferrate 0.02–2 100 53
Electrochemical immunoassay Magnetic beads enzyme linked immunosorbent 0–1 <100 54
Voltammetric ELISA DAB-H2O2-HRP 0.2–32 100 55
Electrochemical immunoassay Ab1-Ag-Ab2-HRP 0–15 250 56
Electrochemical dual sensing Enzyme/antibody 1–10 1000 57
Colorimetric assay PSA peptide 0.1–100 1.0 × 104 58
Optical Antibody 0.0005–5 10 59
Duplexed immunoassay Functional microbeads 0.01–5 50 60
Cathodic ECL immunoassay Antibody/luminal/graphene 0.01–8 8 61
Sandwich-type immunoassay Antibody on PDMS microfluidic chips 4–10 520 62
Chemiluminescence Dye-labeled aptamer 1.9–125 1.0 × 103 63
SIA Antibody 0.001–1000 0.11 64
ECL Sandwich-type immunoreaction 0.001–10 0.3 65
Electrochemistry Graphene oxide/ssDNA/PLLA nanoparticles 0.05–100 1.0 × 103 66
Bridge-shaped PZT resonator Antibody 0.01–0.1 4.0 × 103 67
Magnetic immunoassay SERS-based microdroplet 174 droplets per minute 100 68
Electrochemistry Peptide cleavage 0.001–30 0.78 69
Imprinted capacitive biosensor Microcontact-PSA-MIP 0.00001–100 0.6 70
Microarray immunoassay Antibody 0.005–500 5 71
Electrochemistry Aptamer-attached marker (MB) 0.125–128 40 This work

Abbreviations: Ab1-Ag-Ab2-HRP: Antibody1-antigene-antibody 2- horseradish peroxidase. AuNPs: Gold nanoparticles. DAB-H2O2-HRP: 3,3′-diaminobenzidine-H2O2-horseradish peroxidase. ECL: Electrochemiluminescence. LOD: Limit of detection. MB: Methylene blue. MIP: Molecularly imprinted polymer. PDMS: Poly(dimethylsiloxane). PLLA: Poly-L-lactide. PZT: Lead zirconate titanate. RLS: Resonance light scattering. SIA: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based immunoassays. ssDNA: Single stranded DNA.