TABLE 2—

Emergency Risk Communication Outcomes Derived From the Literature Review: 2001–2016

Communication Outcomes	Definition	Examples
Information exposure	The incidental exposure of information of a public health threat, which is not actively looked for by the audience, but obtained through daily routine or from the surrounding environment.	Information about government’s social distancing recommendations learned from routine television watching.
Information-seeking behaviors	The actions people take proactively to search for information about public health threats for self-protection and survival.	Browsed Web site or called doctors to get info about vaccine against H1N1.
Information processing	Ability to understand information about public health threats for self-protection and survival.	Some subgroups in society were more vulnerable during pandemics because they had difficulty in understanding preventive measures.
Knowledge and awareness	Knowledge about specific threats and preventive behaviors.	Individuals with knowledge of a particular mode of transmission for the Zika virus.
Trust and credibility	Trust and credibility in the information sources, quality of the information received, fairness of treatment, or government’s ability to respond to a public health emergency.	Trust in commercial television or health department as information source about H1N1 vaccines.
Risk perception	Subjective judgment about the characteristics and severity of personal or societal risk.	The risk of being infected with the Ebola virus.
Practices	Any activity undertaken by individuals to prevent a disease or limit contagion to other people, including seeking medical attention and adopting nonpharmaceutical interventions.	Compliance with the hygienic practices, immunization practices, recommended medications (i.e., antivirals), or seeking health care.
Emotional response	Emotional reactions that occur as a response to a real risk or potential threat to health or environment.	Fear, worry, anxiety, hopelessness, or anger.