Table 2.
Risk factors for incident hypertension, cardiovascular disease and target organ damage among United States adults aged ≥ 20 years with prehypertension by calendar year.
| Risk factor | Risk factors for incident hypertension, cardiovascular disease and target organ damage | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey calendar year | ||||||||
| 1999–2000 | 2001–2002 | 2003–2004 | 2005–2006 | 2007–2008 | 2009–2010 | 2011–2012 | p-trend* | |
| Mean heart rate, beats per minute | 71.3 (70.5, 72.1) | 72.9 (71.8, 74.0) | 73.2 (71.8, 74.6) | 72.6 (71.5, 73.6) | 74.2 (73.0, 75.4) | 73.0 (72.1, 73.9) | 73.5 (72.3, 74.7) | 0.003 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||||
| 120 – 129 | 70.0 (64.2, 75.8) | 66.2 (62.9, 69.4) | 66.7 (62.8, 70.7) | 66.3 (63.1, 69.5) | 71.8 (69.2, 74.5) | 71.2 (68.2, 74.3) | 68.7 (64.5, 72.8) | 0.219 |
| 130 – 139 | 30.0 (24.2, 35.8) | 33.8 (30.6, 37.1) | 33.3 (29.3, 37.2) | 33.7 (30.5, 36.9) | 28.2 (25.5, 30.8) | 28.8 (25.7, 31.8) | 31.3 (27.2, 35.5) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||||
| 80 – 84 | 73.3 (66.9, 79.7) | 70.2 (65.5, 75.0) | 67.9 (57.8, 78.0) | 70.4 (63.8, 77.0) | 78.9 (75.3, 82.6) | 71.0 (64.9, 77.2) | 67.6 (60.6, 74.5) | 0.715 |
| 85 – 89 | 26.7 (20.3, 33.1) | 29.8 (25.0, 34.5) | 32.1 (22.0, 42.2) | 29.6 (23.0, 36.2) | 21.1 (17.4, 24.7) | 29.0 (22.8, 35.1) | 32.4 (25.5, 39.4) | |
| Total cholesterol | ||||||||
| Normal (< 200 mg/dL) | 44.7 (40.4, 49.0) | 47.1 (44.9, 49.4) | 47.7 (44.0, 51.3) | 49.6 (46.0, 53.2) | 49.0 (44.3, 53.8) | 50.2 (46.5, 53.8) | 48.9 (44.7, 53.0) | 0.018 |
| Borderline elevated (200 – 239 mg/dL) | 37.0 (32.0, 41.9) | 34.2 (30.8, 37.5) | 32.3 (28.4, 36.1) | 32.7 (29.1, 36.4) | 32.0 (27.1, 36.9) | 34.2 (31.7, 36.7) | 36.4 (33.2, 39.7) | |
| Elevated (≥ 240 mg/dL) | 18.4 (13.7, 23.0) | 18.7 (15.0, 22.4) | 20.0 (15.5, 24.6) | 17.7 (14.6, 20.7) | 19.0 (14.6, 23.4) | 15.6 (12.9, 18.4) | 14.7 (11.2, 18.3) | |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol | ||||||||
| Normal (men: ≥ 40; women: ≥ 50, mg/dL) | 63.8 (60.0, 67.7) | 69.5 (65.8, 73.3) | 70.1 (64.7, 75.5) | 72.8 (69.7, 75.9) | 65.2 (59.5, 70.9) | 68.6 (65.6, 71.5) | 71.7 (65.4, 78.1) | 0.220 |
| Low (men: < 40; women: < 50, mg/dL) | 36.2 (32.3, 40.0) | 30.5 (26.7, 34.2) | 29.9 (24.5, 35.3) | 27.2 (24.1, 30.3) | 34.8 (29.1, 40.5) | 31.4 (28.5, 34.4) | 28.3 (21.9, 34.6) | |
| C-reactive protein | ||||||||
| Normal (< 1.0 mg/L) | 90.2 (87.4, 93.1) | 91.8 (89.4, 94.2) | 91.6 (89.1, 94.2) | 90.0 (87.6, 92.4) | 91.9 (90.0, 93.7) | 92.9 (91.2, 94.5) | NR | |
| Borderline elevated (1.0 – 2.9 mg/L) | 8.8 (5.4, 12.3) | 7.0 (4.5, 9.4) | 6.7 (4.2, 9.2) | 8.2 (5.9, 10.5) | 7.3 (5.8, 8.7) | 6.2 (4.8, 7.6) | NR | 0.162 |
| Elevated (≥ 3.0 mg/L) | 0.9 (0.0, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.0) | 1.7 (0.6, 2.8) | 1.8 (0.7, 2.8) | 0.9 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.5) | NR | |
| Diabetes status | ||||||||
| No diabetes | 84.4 (80.4, 88.4) | 82.1 (79.0, 85.1) | 81.9 (78.9, 84.9) | 79.3 (74.4, 84.1) | 70.5 (65.7, 75.3) | 69.4 (66.0, 72.8) | 69.9 (67.8, 72) | <0.001 |
| Pre-diabetes | 9.6 (7.1, 12.1) | 11.2 (8.4, 14.0) | 12.9 (10.3, 15.6) | 13.8 (9.9, 17.7) | 21.3 (17.0, 25.5) | 24.1 (21.1, 27.0) | 21.6 (19.6, 23.5) | |
| Diabetes | 6.0 (4.0, 7.9) | 6.7 (4.8, 8.7) | 5.2 (3.9, 6.4) | 7.0 (4.7, 9.2) | 8.3 (6.6, 9.9) | 6.5 (5.2, 7.8) | 8.5 (7.0, 10.0) | |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate | ||||||||
| Normal (≥ 60 ml/min/1.73m2) | 97.2 (96.2, 98.2) | 97.5 (96.3, 98.6) | 96.9 (95.7, 98.0) | 96.4 (94.9, 97.8) | 96.8 (95.4, 98.2) | 97.4 (96.2, 98.6) | 97.5 (96.5, 98.5) | 0.525 |
| Reduced (< 60 ml/min/1.73m2) | 2.8 (1.8, 3.8) | 2.5 (1.4, 3.7) | 3.1 (2.0, 4.3) | 3.6 (2.2, 5.1) | 3.2 (1.8, 4.6) | 2.6 (1.4, 3.8) | 2.5 (1.5, 3.5) | |
| Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio | ||||||||
| Normal (≤ 30 mg/g) | 92.6 (90.4, 94.8) | 92.7 (90.7, 94.7) | 93.3 (91.1, 95.5) | 93.9 (92.0, 95.7) | 91.6 (89.2, 94) | 95.0 (93.5, 96.4) | 91.9 (89.5, 94.4) | 0.938 |
| Elevated (> 30 mg/g) | 7.4 (5.2, 9.6) | 7.3 (5.3, 9.3) | 6.7 (4.5, 8.9) | 6.1 (4.3, 8.0) | 8.4 (6.0, 10.8) | 5.0 (3.6, 6.5) | 8.1 (5.6, 10.5) | |
| 10-year predicted ASCVD risk | ||||||||
| < 7.5% | 64.9 (59.7, 70.1) | 63.1 (58.2, 68.1) | 64.2 (60.8, 67.6) | 65.5 (59.3, 71.7) | 61.6 (58.2, 65) | 66.7 (64.5, 68.9) | 66.2 (60.3, 72.1) | 0.343 |
| ≥ 7.5% | 35.1 (29.9, 40.3) | 36.9 (31.9, 41.8) | 35.8 (32.4, 39.2) | 34.5 (28.3, 40.7) | 38.4 (35.0, 41.8) | 33.3 (31.1, 35.5) | 33.8 (27.9, 39.7) | |
Numbers in the table are mean (95% confidence interval) or percentage (95% confidence interval).
ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
NR: Not reported due to data not being available at the time of analyses.
Standard International System conversion factors: To convert mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply values by 0.0259. To convert mg/L to mmol/L, multiply values by 5.581.
*
P-trend: statistical significance of the trend in the change of the prevalence over calendar period.