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Experimental setup measuring the mechanical resistance in living mammalian cytoplasm. (A) Bright-field image of an NRK cell with a 1-µm-diameter particle inside. (Scale bar, 5 µm.) (B) Schematic showing the experimental setup. A probe bead is dragged at a constant speed toward the cell boundary to obtain a force-displacement curve. (Inset) The crowed environment around the bead in cells.
