Table 1.
Factors associated with virological failure (viral load ≥1000 copies/mL) stratified by sex
| Female | Male | |||||||
| Total | Virological failure risk, N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P-value | Total | Virological failure risk, N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Total | 258 | 29 (11.2) | 278 | 34 (12.2) | ||||
| Demographic factors | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Han nationality | 191 | 19 (9.9) | 1 | 219 | 20 (9.1) | 1 | ||
| Other minorities | 67 | 10 (14.9) | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.6) | 0.27 | 59 | 14 (23.7) | 3.1 (1.5 to 6.6) | <0.01 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Elementary school or less | 134 | 15 (11.2) | 1 | 107 | 12 (11.2) | 1 | ||
| Junior school or more | 124 | 14 (11.3) | 1 (0.5 to 2.2) | 0.98 | 171 | 22 (12.9) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.5) | 0.68 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | 59 | 6 (10.2) | 1 | 75 | 9 (12) | 1 | ||
| Married or cohabited | 199 | 23 (11.6) | 1.2 (0.4 to 3.0) | 0.77 | 203 | 25 (12.3) | 1 (0.5 to 2.3) | 0.94 |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 197 | 19 (9.6) | 1 | 172 | 17 (9.9) | 1 | ||
| City | 61 | 10 (16.4) | 1.8 (0.8 to 4.2) | 0.15 | 106 | 17 (16) | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.6) | 0.13 |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Peasant | 163 | 15 (9.2) | 1 | 138 | 9 (6.5) | 1 | ||
| Employee | 64 | 11 (17.2) | 2 (0.9 to 4.7) | 0.09 | 114 | 17 (14.9) | 2.5 (1.1 to 5.9) | 0.03 |
| Unemployed | 31 | 3 (9.7) | 1.1 (0.3 to 3.9) | 0.93 | 26 | 8 (30.8) | 6.4 (2.2 to 18.6) | <0.01 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| <35 | 73 | 6 (8.2) | 1 | 53 | 7 (13.2) | 1 | ||
| 35–45 | 108 | 15 (13.9) | 1.8 (0.7 to 4.9) | 0.25 | 119 | 15 (12.6) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.5) | 0.91 |
| >45 | 77 | 8 (10.4) | 1.3 (0.4 to 3.9) | 0.65 | 106 | 12 (11.3) | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.3) | 0.73 |
| Weight (kg) | ||||||||
| <50 | 89 | 14 (15.7) | 1 | 49 | 7 (14.3) | 1 | ||
| 50–70 | 156 | 13 (8.3) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1) | 0.08 | 193 | 21 (10.9) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.8) | 0.51 |
| >70 | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 1 (0.2 to 4.9) | 0.97 | 36 | 6 (16.7) | 1.2 (0.4 to 3.9) | 0.76 |
| HIV characteristics and treatment factors | ||||||||
| Route of infection | ||||||||
| Heterosexual transmission | 159 | 12 (7.5) | 1 | 154 | 11 (7.1) | 1 | ||
| Blood transmission | 86 | 13 (15.1) | 2.2 (0.9 to 5) | 0.07 | 61 | 10 (16.4) | 2.5 (1 to 6.4) | 0.04 |
| Intravenous drug use | 13 | 4 (30.8) | 5.4 (1.5 to 20.3) | 0.01 | 63 | 13 (20.6) | 3.4 (1.4 to 8) | 0.01 |
| Initial NRTI ART regimen | ||||||||
| AZT-based regimen | 161 | 11 (6.8) | 1 | 188 | 26 (13.8) | 1 | ||
| D4T-based regimen | 97 | 18 (18.6) | 3.1 (1.4 to 6.9) | <0.01 | 90 | 8 (8.9) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.4) | 0.24 |
| Latest NRTI ART regimen | ||||||||
| AZT-based regimen | 181 | 15 (8.3) | 1 | 195 | 27 (13.8) | 1 | ||
| D4T-based regimen | 77 | 14 (18.2) | 2.5 (1.1 to 5.4) | 0.02 | 83 | 7 (8.4) | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.4) | 0.21 |
| Switch ART regimen | ||||||||
| No | 193 | 21 (10.9) | 1 | 174 | 21 (12.1) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 65 | 8 (12.3) | 1.2 (0.5 to 2.7) | 0.75 | 104 | 13 (12.5) | 1 (0.5 to 2.2) | 0.92 |
| ART drug distribution location | ||||||||
| County hospital or CDC | 96 | 15 (15.6) | 1 | 63 | 14 (22.2) | 1 | ||
| Township hospital/village clinic/medication monitor | 162 | 14 (8.6) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1) | 0.09 | 215 | 20 (9.3) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.8) | 0.01 |
| Adverse effects | ||||||||
| No | 195 | 17 (8.7) | 1 | 206 | 23 (11.2) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 63 | 12 (19) | 2.5 (1.1 to 5.5) | 0.03 | 72 | 11 (15.3) | 1.4 (0.7 to 3.1) | 0.36 |
| CD4 cell/mL at baseline (2008) | ||||||||
| <350 | 244 | 28 (11.5) | 1 | 272 | 31 (11.4) | 1 | ||
| ≥350 | 14 | 1 (7.1) | 0.6 (0.1 to 4.7) | 0.62 | 6 | 3 (50) | 7.8 (1.5 to 40.2) | 0.01 |
| CD4 cell/mL at 36 months (2011) | ||||||||
| 0–350 | 91 | 18 (19.8) | 1 | 138 | 21 (15.2) | 1 | ||
| ≥350 | 167 | 11 (6.6) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) | <0.01 | 140 | 13 (9.3) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) | 0.13 |
| CD4 cell/mL at 48 months (2012) | ||||||||
| 0–350 | 81 | 14 (17.3) | 1 | 122 | 20 (16.4) | 1 | ||
| ≥350 | 177 | 15 (8.5) | 0.4 (0.2 to 1) | 0.04 | 156 | 14 (9) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1) | 0.06 |
| Drug compliance factors | ||||||||
| Missed doses in past month | ||||||||
| No | 226 | 26 (11.5) | 1 | 246 | 24 (9.8) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 32 | 3 (9.4) | 0.8 (0.2 to 2.8) | 0.72 | 32 | 10 (31.3) | 4.2 (1.8 to 9.9) | <0.01 |
| Willing to receive ART in the future | ||||||||
| Always | 153 | 15 (9.8) | 1 | 177 | 19 (10.7) | 1 | ||
| Not always | 105 | 14 (13.3) | 1.4 (0.7 to 3.1) | 0.38 | 101 | 15 (14.9) | 1.5 (0.7 to 3) | 0.32 |
| Believe ART is health promoting | ||||||||
| Always | 158 | 16 (10.1) | 1 | 181 | 19 (10.5) | 1 | ||
| Not always | 100 | 13 (13) | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.9) | 0.48 | 97 | 15 (15.5) | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.2) | 0.24 |
| Believe poor compliance contributes to HIVDR | ||||||||
| Always | 139 | 16 (11.5) | 1 | 169 | 19 (11.2) | 1 | ||
| Not always | 119 | 13 (10.9) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.1) | 0.88 | 109 | 15 (13.8) | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.6) | 0.53 |
| Degree of satisfaction on support of friends or relatives | ||||||||
| Always satisfied | 153 | 15 (9.8) | 1 | 166 | 17 (10.2) | 1 | ||
| Not always satisfied | 105 | 14 (13.3) | 1.4 (0.7 to 3.1) | 0.38 | 112 | 17 (15.2) | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.2) | 0.22 |
| Frequency of taking drugs reminded by friends or relatives | ||||||||
| Often | 172 | 19 (11) | 1 | 168 | 22 (13.1) | 1 | ||
| Not often | 86 | 10 (11.6) | 1.4 (0.7 to 3.1) | 0.38 | 110 | 12 (10.9) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.7) | 0.58 |
| Frequency of taking drugs reminded by doctors | ||||||||
| Often | 178 | 23 (12.9) | 1 | 184 | 28 (15.2) | 1 | ||
| Not often | 80 | 6 (7.5) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.4) | 0.19 | 94 | 6 (6.4) | 0.4 (0.2 to 1) | 0.03 |
ART, antiretroviral treatment; AZT, zidovudine; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; D4T, stavudine; HIVDR, HIV drug resistance; NRTI, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors.