Table 2.
Factors associated with HIVDR (viral load ≥1000 copies/mL with drug resistance) stratified by sex
| Female | Male | |||||||
| Total | HIVDR risk, N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P-value | Total | HIVDR risk, N (%) |
OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| 258 | 14 (5.4) | 278 | 13 (4.7) | |||||
| Demographic factors | ||||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Han nationality | 191 | 6 (3.1) | 1 | 219 | 5 (2.3) | 1 | ||
| Other minorities | 67 | 8 (11.9) | 4.2 (1.4 to 12.5) | 0.01 | 59 | 8 (13.6) | 6.7 (2.1 to 21.4) | <0.01 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Elementary school or less | 134 | 5 (3.7) | 1 | 107 | 5 (4.7) | 1 | ||
| Junior school or more | 124 | 9 (7.3) | 2 (0.7 to 6.2) | 0.22 | 171 | 8 (4.7) | 1 (0.3 to 3.1) | 1 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | 59 | 4 (6.8) | 1 | 75 | 4 (5.3) | 1 | ||
| Married or cohabited | 199 | 10 (5) | 0.7 (0.2 to 2.4) | 0.60 | 203 | 9 (4.4) | 0.8 (0.2 to 2.8) | 0.75 |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 197 | 7 (3.6) | 1 | 172 | 5 (2.9) | 1 | ||
| City | 61 | 7 (11.5) | 3.5 (1.2 to 10.5) | 0.02 | 106 | 8 (7.5) | 2.7 (0.9 to 8.6) | 0.09 |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Peasant | 163 | 5 (3.1) | 1 | 138 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Employee | 64 | 6 (9.4) | 3.3 (1 to 11.1) | 0.06 | 114 | 9 (7.9) | 2 (1 to 12.6) | <0.01 |
| Unemployed | 31 | 3 (9.7) | 3.4 (0.8 to 15) | 0.11 | 26 | 4 (15.4) | 3 (1 to 13.4) | <0.01 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| <35 | 73 | 5 (6.8) | 1 | 53 | 6 (11.3) | 1 | ||
| 35–45 | 108 | 6 (5.6) | 0.8 (0.2 to 2.7) | 0.72 | 119 | 6 (5) | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.4) | 0.15 |
| >45 | 77 | 3 (3.9) | 0.6 (0.1 to 2.4) | 0.43 | 106 | 1 (0.9) | 0.1 (0 to 0.6) | 0.02 |
| Weight (kg) | ||||||||
| <50 | 89 | 8 (9) | 1 | 49 | 4 (8.2) | 1 | ||
| 50–70 | 156 | 4 (2.6) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.9) | 0.04 | 193 | 7 (3.6) | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.5) | 0.19 |
| >70 | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 1.8 (0.3 to 9.8) | 0.47 | 36 | 2 (5.6) | 0.7 (0.1 to 3.8) | 0.64 |
| HIV characteristics and treatment factors | ||||||||
| Route of infection | ||||||||
| Heterosexual transmission | 159 | 8 (5) | 1 | 154 | 2 (0.6) | 1 | ||
| Blood transmission | 86 | 4 (4.7) | 0.9 (0.3 to 3.2) | 0.9 | 61 | 3 (2) | 3.9 (0.6 to 24.1) | 0.14 |
| Intravenous drug use | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 3.4 (0.6 to 18.2) | 0.15 | 63 | 8 (10.5) | 11.1 (2.3 to 53.7) | <0.01 |
| Initial NRTI ART regimen | ||||||||
| AZT-based regimen | 161 | 5 (3.1) | 1 | 188 | 10 (2.9) | 1 | ||
| D4T-based regimen | 97 | 9 (9.3) | 3.2 (1 to 9.8) | 0.04 | 90 | 3 (1.6) | 0.6 (0.2 to 2.3) | 0.47 |
| Latest ART regimen | ||||||||
| AZT-based regimen | 181 | 8 (4.4) | 1 | 195 | 12 (3.2) | 1 | ||
| D4T-based regimen | 77 | 6 (7.8) | 1.8 (0.6 to 5.5) | 0.28 | 83 | 1 (0.6) | 0.2 (0 to 1.5) | 0.11 |
| Switch ART regimen | ||||||||
| No | 193 | 10 (5.2) | 1 | 174 | 6 (3.4) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 65 | 4 (6.2) | 1.2 (0.4 to 4) | 0.76 | 104 | 7 (6.7) | 2 (0.7 to 6.2) | 0.22 |
| Adverse effect | ||||||||
| No | 195 | 9 (4.6) | 1 | 206 | 10 (4.9) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 63 | 5 (7.9) | 1.8 (0.6 to 5.5) | 0.32 | 72 | 3 (4.2) | 0.9 (0.2 to 3.2) | 0.81 |
| CD4 cell at baseline (2008) | ||||||||
| <350 | 244 | 14 (5.7) | 272 | 12 (2.3) | 1 | |||
| ≥350 | 14 | 0 | – | 0.36 | 6 | 1 (5) | 4.3 (0.5 to 40) | 0.2 |
| CD4 cell at 36 months (2011) | ||||||||
| 0–350 | 91 | 9 (9.9) | 1 | 138 | 11 (4.8) | 1 | ||
| ≥350 | 167 | 5 (3) | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.9) | 0.03 | 140 | 2 (0.7) | 0.2 (0 to 0.8) | 0.02 |
| CD4 cell at 48 months (2012) | ||||||||
| 0–350 | 81 | 7 (8.6) | 1 | 122 | 11 (5.4) | 1 | ||
| ≥350 | 177 | 7 (4) | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.3) | 0.13 | 156 | 2 (0.6) | 0.1 (0 to 0.6) | 0.01 |
| Drug compliance factors | ||||||||
| Missed doses in past month | ||||||||
| No | 226 | 13 (5.8) | 1 | 246 | 6 (2.4) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 32 | 1 (3.1) | 0.5 (0.1 to 4.2) | 0.55 | 32 | 7 (21.9) | 11.2 (3.5 to 35.9) | <0.01 |
ART drug distribution location, willing to receive ART in the future, believe ART is health promoting, believe poor compliance contributes to HIVDR, degree of satisfaction on support of friends or relatives, frequency of taking drugs reminded by friends or relatives, and frequency of taking drugs reminded by doctors are not displayed as no statistical significant difference was found between categories.
ART, antiretroviral treatment; AZT, zidovudine; D4T, stavudine; HIVDR, HIV drug resistance; NRTI, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors.