Table 2.

Vote Totals for Research Questions and Actions to Advance Patient-Centered Medication Management, by Self-Identified Stakeholder Group (see Table 1). (Each participant had six votes)

Category and illustrative research questions included within each category:	Total (N=168) n (%)	Researchers (N=78) n (%)	Patients (N=30) n (%)	Others (N=60) n (%)
Create Tools and Systems to Facilitate and Evaluate Patient-Centered Medication Plans Can these be tailored to the patient and/or to likely barriers to a medication plans’ success? How can we overcome barriers to having meaningful conversations between patients and providers about how to manage the expected and unexpected challenges to successful medication management? How can we enable ongoing re-evaluation of a decision’s effectiveness and alignment with changing patient values and preferences? How can we assess the effectiveness of prescriptions? By measuring adherence, clinical outcomes (or both)? How can we incorporate outcomes that are developed by a provider and patient based upon shared decisions and explicit desired outcomes?	38 (22.6)	21 (26.9)	5 (16.7)	12 (20.0)
Develop Patient-Centered Prescribing Curricula What are the competencies for providers to improve effective patient-centered prescribing? How do we involve patients in the development of a provider curriculum and competency assessment?	24 (14.3)	9 (11.5)	6 (20.0)	9 (15.0)
Increase Patient Knowledge about Medication Management to Improve Health Outcomes Does patient understanding of medications, risks and benefits, and treatment choices lead to better outcomes? Can we use direct-to-consumer advertising to empower patients about effective self-management of medications or to engage in more productive clinical communications? What are the competencies for chronically ill patients that will give them the ability to use medicine as a tool to take care of themselves?	22 (13.1)	10 (12.8)	6 (20.0)	6 (10.0)
Improve Epidemiology of Long-term Medication-taking Behavior What is the trajectory of chronic medication-taking behavior and what factors affect the trajectory over a period of time? What are the risks and benefits of medications in patients on multiple medications, or with multiple concurrent conditions?	20 (11.9)	12 (15.4)	3 (10.0)	5 (8.3)
Patient-Centered Medication Management Requires Change in the Culture of Health Care How does one change culture from providing care to patients to creating health with patients?	17 (10.2)	8 (10.3)	3 (10.0)	6 (10.0)
Define Patient-Centered Goals and Measures in Research and Practice What are the outcomes of prescribing that matter to patients, and can we identify goals and measures of medication self-management that most patients agree upon? Can we identify and incentivize medication management measures and outcomes that are important for both health systems and patients? How do we engage patients in creating research methods and outcomes that are patient-centered (in light of differing definitions of patient-centered research)?	14 (8.3)	5 (6.4)	1 (3.3)	8 (13.3)
Involve Peers, Family and Social Networks in the Solution Do online support communities work for impacting medication adherence? What are the best practices for incorporating peers and lay expertise into shared decision- making about medications and prescribing?	14 (8.3)	3 (3.9)	5 (16.7)	6 (10.0)
Incorporate Patient Feedback into Medication Management What points or processes in the existing health care system offer opportunities for patient feedback on their medication-taking experience and help meet agreed-upon goals?	10 (6.0)	6 (7.7)	1 (3.3)	3 (5.0)
Incorporate the Patient Experience of Medications into Research and Practice How do burden of disease and burden of care impact patient preferences and values and sense of self?	4 (2.4)	3 (3.9)	0 (0)	1 (1.7)
Target Interventions by Prioritizing Populations and Allocating Resources How do we prioritize who should benefit from effective medication-taking interventions, which are multi-faceted and resource intensive? Can research help to identify highest risk patients using existing data systems?	3 (1.8)	1 (1.3)	0 (0)	2 (3.3)
Other	2 (1.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (3.3)