Table 1. Principles for instructional design of multimedia education 18 .
| Reduction of extraneous processing | Management of essential processing | Fostering generative processing |
|---|---|---|
| • Elimination of extraneous material | • Provide pre-training in names and characteristics of key concepts | • Present words and pictures rather than just words |
| • Highlight essential material | • Break lessons into learner-controlled segments | • Present words in conversational tone |
| • Place printed words near corresponding graphics | • Present words in spoken form | • Use human, rather than machine, voice |