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. 2017 Sep 12;7:11353. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11378-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Therapeutic effects of dextromethorphan (DXM) on articular inflammation in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). DBA/1 mice with CIA were orally treated with DXM at 20 or 40 mg/kg daily from day 21 to day 42. Representative photographs of the hind paws of CIA mice on day 42 were shown in (a). Clinical arthritis scores (b) and the body weight changes (c) were determined on indicated day after immunization. The ankle joint sections were stained with H&E (d) and Safranin O (e). The comparisons in synovial proliferation (f), the inflammatory cell infiltrations (g), and cartilage damage (h) between normal mice, CIA/PBS group (as control group), CIA/DXM 20 mg/kg group, and CIA/DXM 40 mg/day group. Values in b, c, f, g, and h are the mean ± SEM of 6 mice per group; results are representative of 3 independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, versus CIA/PBS group, as determined by a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test.