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. 2017 Sep 12;7:11429. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11689-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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American foulbrood infection level in challenged colonies with and without a propolis envelope. Overall severity scores (0 = 0 cells in comb containing sign of AFB; 1 = 1–5 cells; 2 = 6–25 cells; and 3 =≥ 26 cells per comb) were compared between challenged colonies with and without a propolis envelope using Mann-Whitney U test (α = 0.05). Three out of five challenged colonies with a propolis envelope and four out of five challenged colonies without a propolis envelope showed signs of AFB infection in both August and September. High interquartile range in September in challenged colonies with a propolis envelope was a result of one colony showing a high AFB infection score level compared to all others. All colonies, in both challenged treatment groups, showed signs of AFB infection in October.