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. 2017 Sep 12;7:11413. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11535-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Membrane currents recorded in oocyte exposed or not to Fe₃O₄ NPs. (A) Voltage Protocol: from holding potential of −40 mV, 10 mV steps of 1 s were applied from −80 mV to +50 mV. Representative traces recorded from oocytes not exposed (B) or (C) exposed for 5 min to Fe₃O₄ NPs. In D, the averages of steady state membrane currents are reported as I-V relationships. After 5 min of NP exposure (blue circles), a slight, but statistically significant current increase is recorded at the curve extremes; after 20 min (blue triangles), no more statistically significant differences can be appreciated. Aggregated NP treatment generated in oocytes currents (red diamonds) almost overlapping with controls (black squares) and 20 min treatment currents, and that is an indication of the inefficacy of this treatment (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.005; one-way ANOVA, Holm-Bonferroni post hoc orthogonal comparison; 14 to 30 oocytes from 2 batches).