Table 2.
Elastic Modulus values of mammalian vocal folds.
| Species | Young’s Modulus | Strain |
|---|---|---|
| Zebra Finch MVC(present study) | 18,6 kPa | 5% |
| Zebra Finch MDC (present study) | 38,5 kPa | 5% |
| Sheep VF26 | 11,7 kPa | 5% |
| Pig IVF26 | 16,3 kPa | 5% |
| Pig SGW26 | 10,2 kPa | 5% |
| Cow VF26 | 29,9 kPa | 5% |
| Dog VF58 | 40,7 kPa | 5% |
| Dog VFb58 | 20,7 kPa | 5% |
| Dog VFc58 | 41,9 kPa | 5% |
| Human TF38 | 30,0 kPa | 5% |
| Lion48 | 11,5 kPa | 5% |
| Bengal Tiger48 | 13,0 kPa | 5% |
| Siberian Tiger48 | 14,0 kPa | 5% |
| Sumatran Tiger48 | 21,0 kPa | 5% |
| Zebra Finch MVC (present study) | 760 kPa | 40% |
| Zebra Finch MDC (present study) | 39 E + 3 kPa | 40% |
| Siberian Tiger48 | 399 kPa | 40% |
| Brown Rat22 | ~100 kPa | 40% |
| Rhesus Monkey59 | 10369 kPa | 40% |
| Mule Deer60 | 819 kPa | 40% |
| Rocky Mountain Elk21 | 235 kPa | 40% |
| Human45 | ~2000 kPa | 40% |
Average values of Elastic Modulus as reported in the literature at 5% (low) and 40% (high) strain compared to the corresponding values of zebra finch ML at 5% and 40% strain for MVC and MDC displacements. Please note that the 40% strain values for zebra finches are extrapolated values based on our curve-fitting parameters, but outside of the naturally available range.