Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of trial participants1.
| Placebo | Low-dose pRJ | High-dose pRJ | P values2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects | (n = 64) | (n = 65) | (n = 65) | |
| Age (year) | 78.3 (76.8, 79.8)3 | 79.5 (78.0, 81.0) | 78.0 (76.5, 79.6) | 0.37 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.2 (24.9, 31.5) | 26.1 (22.8, 29.4) | 26.3 (23.1, 29.6) | 0.63 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 147.6 (141.9, 153.3) | 151.2 (145.5, 156.9) | 147.9 (142.2, 153.6) | 0.62 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.6 (70.9, 76.3) | 73.5 (70.8, 76.2) | 76.2 (73.5, 78.9) | 0.29 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.67 (5.43, 5.91) | 5.59 (5.35, 5.83) | 5.46 (5.23, 5.70) | 0.47 |
| TG (mmol/L)4 | 1.39 (1.22, 1.57) | 1.28 (1.13, 1.45) | 1.46 (1.30, 1.67) | 0.31 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.27 (1.19, 1.34) | 1.35 (1.27, 1.43) | 1.27 (1.20, 1.35) | 0.23 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.55 (3.33, 3.77) | 3.47 (3.26, 3.68) | 3.28 (3.07, 3.49) | 0.21 |
| FBS (mmol/L) | 6.07 (5.73, 6.41) | 5.77 (5.45, 6.10) | 5.98 (5.65, 6.31) | 0.44 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.72 (5.53, 5.91) | 5.74 (5.56, 5.92) | 5.66 (5.48, 5.84) | 0.81 |
| History of CVD (%) | 50.0 | 46.2 | 46.2 | 0.97 |
| Self-rating depression Scale | 35.5 (33.4, 37.5) | 37.1 (35.1, 39.1) | 35.6 (33.6, 37.6) | 0.44 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 22.3 (20.0, 24.5) | 21.5 (19.3, 23.8) | 20.6 (18.4, 22.9) | 0.63 |
| 6MWT (m) | 316.4 (288.5, 344.4) | 319.5 (291.7, 347.2) | 325.2 (297.2, 353.1) | 0.91 |
| TUGT (sec) | 11.9 (10.1, 13.8) | 13.1 (11.3, 15.0) | 13.4 (11.5, 15.3) | 0.52 |
| Standing on one leg with eyes closed (sec) | ||||
| right leg | 3.42 (2.09, 4.75) | 4.52 (3.18, 5.86) | 2.87 (1.55, 4.18) | 0.21 |
| left leg | 3.12 (1.92, 4.30) | 4.29 (3.10, 5.49) | 3.53 (2.35, 4.72) | 0.38 |
| MMSE4 | 27.7 (26.6, 28.5) | 26.8 (25.8, 27.7) | 26.6 (25.5, 27.4) | 0.26 |
| PA (Mets × hours/week)4 | 17.1 (13.1, 22.2) | 20.3 (15.6, 26.6) | 18.0 (13.9, 23.3) | 0.63 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||
| Current smoker | 17.5 | 27.7 | 13.9 | 0.34 |
| Former smoker | 22.2 | 21.5 | 24.6 | |
| Never smoker | 60.3 | 50.8 | 61.5 | |
| Drinking status (%) | ||||
| Current drinker | 26.2 | 24.6 | 15.4 | 0.68 |
| Former drinker | 18.0 | 15.4 | 16.9 | |
| Never drinker | 55.7 | 60.0 | 67.7 | |
| Fall (%) | 22.2 | 30.8 | 26.1 | 0.56 |
| Education level (≥senior high school, %) | 50.0 | 55.4 | 41.5 | 0.21 |
1pRJ, protease-treated royal jelly; BMI, body mass index. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; 6MWT: six minute walk test; TUGT, timed up and go test; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; PA, physical activity; and Mets, metabolic equivalents.
2Analysis of variance or χ2 test.
3(95% confidence interval, all such values).
4Geometric mean (95% confidence interval).