Figure 1.

Trim22 is a broad anti-viral host factor. During virus infection, including HIV, HBV, influenza A virus and HCV, viral nucleic acids are detected by host PRRs (such as TLR3/7/8/9, RIG-I/MDA5, cGAS/DDX41/IFI16). Recognition of viral DNA/RNA triggers type I interferon production dependent on IRF3 activation. Secreted IFN-α/β bind to IFNAR to activate the Stat1-Stat2 heterodimer to induce the expression of trim22, a critical viral restriction factor, protecting the host against diverse viral infections.