Re-recognition of Age-dependent Reference Range for the Serum Creatinine Level in Teenagers - A Case of Slowly Progressive Tubulointerstitial Nephritis which Occurred in an Adolescent -

Abstract

For the first time, a 15-year-old boy was found to have a slight degree of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria during annual school urinalysis screening. His kidney function had already severely deteriorated. A kidney biopsy revealed tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) with diffuse inflammatory cell infiltration. His medical records showed his serum creatinine level to be 0.98 mg/dL two years ago, which was abnormally high considering his age. Although the etiology of slowly progressive TIN was unclear, glucocorticoid and immunosuppressant therapy improved his kidney function. This case report suggests that all doctors should recognize the reference range for the serum creatinine level in teenagers.

Introduction

Adolescents usually see general practitioners, not pediatricians. However, their reference ranges for some laboratory tests are different from those of adults. The serum creatinine level is one of the representative blood tests which are dependent on age, sex and muscle mass (Table 1) (1,2). Generally speaking, the reference range for the serum creatinine level in adolescents is lower than that in adults.

Table 1.

Reference Range of Serum Creatinine Level for 12 to 16 Year-old Adolescents (mg/dL).

Age	2.5 percentile		50 percentile		97.5 percentile
Sex	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
12 (years old)	0.40	0.40	0.53	0.52	0.61	0.66
13	0.42	0.41	0.59	0.53	0.80	0.59
14	0.54	0.46	0.65	0.58	0.96	0.71
15	0.48	0.47	0.68	0.56	0.93	0.72
16	0.62	0.51	0.73	0.59	0.96	0.74

(Quoted from reference 1)

Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) leads to renal dysfunction and it is characterized by an infiltration of inflammatory cells in the renal interstitium. TIN is often induced by drugs and infections (3). TIN is sometimes one of the clinical manifestations in TIN and uveitis syndrome and sarcoidosis (4) or autoimmune disease such as Sjögren's syndrome, IgG4-related disease and systemic lupus erythematosus (5,6). Idiopathic forms of TIN have also been reported. TIN often occurs without any abnormal urinalysis findings, which makes it difficult to identify at an early stage (6). We herein describe the case of an adolescent whose severe renal dysfunction was found during an investigation of a small amount of proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. A renal biopsy revealed the cause of renal failure to be TIN, which had slowly been progressing based on his medical history.

Case Report

A 15-year-old boy was referred to our hospital because of a positive dipstick reading for proteinuria in the presence of microscopic hematuria, which was detected during school urinalysis screening. Laboratory tests revealed an elevation of his serum creatinine level to 2.73 mg/dL, and therefore he was hospitalized for further examination.

His past school urinalysis tests had been within the normal range. He had no significant medical history, except for resection of a thyroglossal duct cyst two years before admission. The serum creatinine level of routine preoperative medical testing at that time was 0.98 mg/dL. At that time, he was in a good physical condition with an average physique for his age. He did not take any drugs including supplements or Chinese herbal medicines. He did not have any symptoms, such as fever, skin rash, arthralgias, or peripheral eosinophilia suggestive of allergic reaction or infection.

On admission, he had no symptoms. His height was 162 cm and weight was 49.9 kg. His blood pressure was 122/83 mmHg, his pulse was 56/min with a regular rhythm, and his temperature was 36.6 degree centigrade. A physical examination showed no abnormalities in his heart, lungs, or abdomen. Purpura, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, myalgia, edema, and peripheral neuropathy were not found.

The laboratory data on admission are shown in Table 2. The values of white blood cells and C-reactive protein were slightly increased without eosinophilia. The serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were elevated without any abnormalities in electrolytes. Creatinine clearance was 26.8 mL/min. Other biochemical tests were nonspecific except: the IgG, IgG4, IgA and IgE levels were slightly elevated and a urinalysis demonstrated 0.34 g/gCreatinine of proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, high N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and β₂microglobulin (β₂MG), suggesting tubulointerstitial injury in the kidneys. In order to rule out the specific diseases that cause tubulointerstitial nephritis, serological tests including an autoantibody analysis were performed which resulted in negative studies for angiotensinogen converting enzyme, anti double-stranded DNA, Sm, SS-A, SS-B, myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA), proteinase (PR)3-ANCA, and glomerular basement membrane antibodies.

Table 2.

Laboratory Findings on Admission.

Hematology		Biochemistry		Serology
WBC	10,500 /μL	TP	8.8 g/dL	IgG	1,793 mg/dL
Neutrophils	77.8 %	Alb	4.5 g/dL	IgG4	150 mg/dL
Lymphocytes	14.5 %	BUN	22 mg/dL	IgA	528 mg/dL
Eosinophils	2.0 %	Cr	2.73 mg/dL	IgM	174 mg/dL
Hb	13.4 g/dL	UA	5.8 mg/dL	IgE	239.7 mg/dL
Plt	45.6×104/μL	Na	139 mEq/L
		K	4.2 mEq/L	C3	128 mg/dL
		Cl	104 mEq/L	C4	34 mg/dL
Urinalysis		Ca	9.9 mg/dL	CH50	56 U/mL
pH	7.0	P	3.4 mg/dL
RBC	10-19/HPF	Mg	2.2 mg/dL	ASO	<50 IU/mL
WBC	10-19/HPF	T-Bil	0.4 mg/dL	RF	<10 IU/mL
Hyaline Cast	0-1/LPF	AST	16 U/L	ANA	×40
Granular Cast	0-1/LPF	ALT	13 U/L	Anti-ds-DNA Ab	(-)
β2microglobulin	58,380 μg/L	LDH	113 U/L	Anti-Sm Ab	(-)
NAG	12.3 U/L	CK	57 U/L	Anti-SS-A Ab	(-)
U-pro/U-Cr	0.34 g/gCr	T-Cho	149 mg/dL	Anti-SS-B Ab	(-)
		TG	180 mg/dL	MPO-ANCA	(-)
Creatinine clearance	26.8 mL/min	HDL-C	30 mg/dL	PR3-ANCA	(-)
		CRP	0.75 mg/dL	Anti-GBM Ab	(-)
				HBs-Ag	(-)
				HCV-Ab	(-)
				ACE	12.5 IU/mL

WBC: white blood cell, Hb: hemoglobin, Plt: platelet, RBC: red blood cell, NAG: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, U-pro/U-Cr: urinary protein/urinary creatinine,TP: total protein, Alb: albumin, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, Cr: creatinine, UA: uric acid, Na: sodium, K: potassium, Cl: cloride, Ca: calcium, P: phosphate, Mg: magnesium, T-Bil: total bilirubin, AST: L-aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, CK: creatine kinase, T-chol: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol, CRP: C-reactive protein, ASO: anti-streptolysin O, RF: rheumatoid factor, ANA: anti-nuclear antibody, ds-DNA: double stranded DNA, Ab: antibody, MPO: myeloperoxidase, ANCA: anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, PR3: proteinase 3, GBM: glomerular basement membrane, Ag: antigen, ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme

The chest radiography and electrocardiogram findings were normal. An abdominal ultrasound examination showed both kidneys to be slightly smaller than usual (Right kidney: 90×41 mm, Left kidney: 92×44 mm), and their margins were irregular, and cortexes were bright, indicating a chronic impairment of the kidney function. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and gallium scintigraphy showed no abnormalities, except for the kidney morphology described above. The existence of uveitis was ruled out based on an ophthalmological examination.

After admission, the first renal biopsy was performed. Six of nineteen glomeruli were globally sclerotic. The rest of the glomeruli had no particular abnormality. Of note, there was diffuse interstitial cell infiltration with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (Fig. 1). Almost 80% of the tubulointerstitial area was damaged especially by cell infiltration which mainly consisted of T and B lymphocytes. Some of the infiltrative cells were IgG4 positive (4-5/high power field), which did not meet the criteria of IgG4 related kidney disease (data not shown). Eosinophils were barely detectable by Hematoxylin and Eosin stained biopsy samples (data not shown). The immunofluorescence results were negative for IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4, C1q, and Fib. Thus, renal failure was considered to have been caused by TIN. The patient's clinical course is shown in Fig. 2. Sixty mg/day of oral prednisolone treatment was started. His renal function gradually improved, and seven weeks after the initiation of prednisolone, his serum creatinine level decreased to 1.49 mg/dL. Then, a second renal biopsy was performed to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroid therapy. Light microscopy showed a decrease of inflammatory cell infiltration and an improvement of tubular atrophy (Fig. 3), thus indicating that the corticosteroid therapy was effective. Around 20 to 30% of tubulointerstitial area was affected, especially by fibrosis. He was then administered methylprednisolone pulse (MP) therapy (a single intravenous drip infusion of 500 mg/day of methylprednisolone for three consecutive days) and thereafter showed a further improvement. After MP therapy, prednisolone was reduced to 20 mg/day, and 100 mg/day of mizoribine was added. No significant complications associated with prednisolone and mizoribine occurred except for a slight increase in his blood pressure and uric acid levels. He was discharged from our hospital 10 weeks after admission with a creatinine level of 1.47 mg/dL (creatinine clearance: 49.7 mL/min). One year after discharge, he was taking 5 mg of prednisolone and 100 mg/day of mizoribine. In addition, his serum creatinine level was stable at around 1.5 mg/dL.

Figure 1.

Representative pictures obtained from the first biopsy. (A, B) Diffuse interstitial cell infiltration was observed with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. The rectangle area in (A) was magnified to (B). (C, D, E, F) Cell marker staining. The antibodies against CD3 (2GV6) (T lymphocyte marker) and CD20 (L26) (B lymphocyte marker) were obtained from Ventana Medical Systems (Tucson, USA). The antibodies against CD68 (PG-M1) (Monocyte marker) and CD138 (MI15) (Plasma cell marker) were purchased from Dako Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Anti-CD138 antibody showed nonspecific staining in the tubule cells. Scale bars represent 100 μm.

Figure 2.

Clinical course of the patient. Coritcosteroid therapy was effective for the treatment of slowly progressive tubulointerstitial nephritis. PSL: prednisolone, mPSL: methylprednisolone, MZB: mizoribine

Figure 3.

Representative pictures obtained from the second biopsy. (A, B) Corticosteroid therapy decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and improved tubular atrophy in the kidneys. Rectangle area in (A) was magnified to (B). Scale bars represent 100 μm.

Discussion

The definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was proposed in Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) clinical practice guidelines for CKD by the National Kidney Foundation in 2002 (7). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations for Japanese populations are a robust reflection of the response to the CKD guidelines in Japan (8). It is therefore considered important for both nephrology professionals and medical practitioners to understand the clinical relevance of CKD. However, the established equations have only been proposed for people 18 years old or older. Adolescents can therefore be a pitfall for doctors, because they are usually healthy and the onset of kidney diseases is rarely predicted. Therefore, not many doctors recognize the reference range for serum creatinine in adolescents. In this case, we want to emphasize the importance of an early detection of renal impairment. 0.98 mg/dL of serum creatinine level two years before admission was abnormal considering his age. The serum creatinine level can be higher if the body muscle is large. However, his height and weight were normal. Probably, the abnormal creatinine level was overlooked because the result was within the reference range for adults. Thus, the reference range does not always mean the normal range. The value may be due to a technical or sample error, but it would have been preferable to re-evaluate this patient to rule out any hidden kidney disease. If that have been done, then this patient could have been treated earlier, and his kidney function would have been better preserved. Notably, serum creatinine-based and cystatin C-based estimated GFR equations in Japanese children and adolescents were established by comparison with renal inulin clearance (Table 3) (9,10). These equations can therefore help to identify hidden kidney diseases.

Table 3.

Proposed Equations in Japanese Children and Adolescents to Detect the Early Phase of Kidney Diseases.

Creatinine-based equation to estimate the glomerular filtration rate

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) = 110.2 X (reference serum creatinine (mg/dL) / patient’s serum creatinine (mg/dL)) +2.93

Reference serum creatinine (mg/dL) are shown by the following two equations of body length (BL) (cm):

Male: - 1.259 BL5 + 7.815 BL4 - 18.57 BL3 + 21.39 BL2 - 11.71 BL + 2.628 Female: - 4.536 BL5 + 27.16 BL4 - 63.47 BL3 + 72.43 BL2 - 40.06 BL + 8.778

Applicable in Japanese children and adolescents aged between 2 and 18 years. (Quoted from reference 9)

Cystatin C-based equation to estimate the glomerular filtration rate

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) = 104.1 / serum cystatin C (mg/L) - 7.80

Applicable in Japanese children and adolescents between the ages of 1 month and 18 years (Quoted from reference 10)

eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate

We have to know that TIN can represent a frequent cause of kidney injury with either no or only inconspicuous symptoms. Therefore, the presence of specific extrarenal symptoms, such as fever, skin rash, arthralgias, and peripheral eosinophilia, plays an important role in making a timely clinical diagnosis (5). In addition, TIN does not always manifest with urinalysis abnormalities, which thus prevents an early detection of kidney disease. Tubulointerstitial injury markers such as NAG and β₂MG are the commercially available markers for detecting an early stage of TIN, although these markers are not evaluated routinely by medical practitioners.

The causes of acute TIN included drugs (70%), autoimmune diseases (20%), and infections (4%) (6). Therefore, idiopathic cases are relatively rare. In our case, the patient was asymptomatic and had no specific physical manifestations to suggest TIN. He did not take any drugs and had no history of recent infections and no serological abnormalities indicating autoimmune diseases. Moreover, sarcoidosis and IgG4-related kidney disease was excluded by pathological investigations. Thus, this case was diagnosed as idiopathic TIN. Although the optimal treatment for TIN has not yet been established, the most important aspect of therapy of TIN is the removal of any potential causative agents. It has been reported that the cessation of responsible agents or treatment of the underlying infection may lead to an improvement of the renal function (11). However, a limited number of studies have reported on the treatment of idiopathic TIN. In our case, both kidneys were atrophic in abdominal ultrasound examinations. Gallium scintigraphy did not show an abnormal uptake in either kidney, probably because the patient's disease was not during the acute phase, though gallium scintigraphy lacks sensitivity and specificity to identify acute interstitial nephritis (12,13). However, diffuse interstitial cell infiltration remained, while more than 30% of the total obtained glomeruli were globally screlotic in the first kidney biopsy sample, suggesting not chronic, not acute but slowly progressive TIN. Therefore, we expected that immunosuppressive therapy would be still effective. Glucocorticoid therapy appears to have a positive effect in patients with TIN, especially when treatment is initiated early in the course of the disease (12,14). Immunosuppressant drugs were suggested to be a therapeutic option considering the pathogenesis of interstitial nephritis (15) and they have been used effectively in several case reports (16,17). Among routinely used immunosuppressant drugs to treat kidney diseases, such as cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine A and mizoribine, cyclophosphamide metabolites alkylate DNA bases and preferentially suppress immune responses mediated by B lymphocytes. Cyclosporine A inhibits the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, thereby suppressing the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and other cytokines by T lymphocytes (18), while mizoribine is an antimetabolite that exerts its immunosuppressant effect by inhibiting both T and B lymphocyte proliferation (19). As shown in Fig. 1, infiltrating cells in the tubulointerstitial area consists mainly of both T and B lymphocytes. We wanted to reduce the young patient's disease activity and corticosteroid use as much as possible. Therefore, mizoribine was administered because its suppressive effects on both T and B lymphocytes and its relative lack of toxicity. At first, we used 150 mg/day of mizoribine. However, it caused hyperuricemia as a side effect. As a result, we decreased the dosage of mizoribine to 100 mg/day.

Finally, corticosteroid and mizoribine therapy was able to moderately decrease the serum creatinine level. There are no definite criteria to discontinue corticosteroid treatment. We might perform a kidney biopsy again to confirm the lack of infiltrating cells in the interstitial area which would thus allow us to stop the administration of corticosteroids, though a relapse of interstitial nephritis could still occur even if the previous treatment had been sufficient.

In summary, this is a case of idiopathic slowly progressive TIN, which was found through school urinalysis screening. We need to recognize the reference range for the serum creatinine level, serum creatinine-based and cystatin C-based estimated GFR equations in teenagers and the evaluation of not only routine urinalysis, but also tubulointerstitial injury markers such as NAG and β₂MG are recommended to detect the presence of early stage kidney diseases including TIN.

The authors state that they have no Conflict of Interest (COI).