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. 2017 Aug 15;7(14):3461–3477. doi: 10.7150/thno.20657

Figure 3.

Figure 3

SFN-induced DNA damage (A) and DNA damage response (B, C) in breast cancer cells. (A) Comet assay. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) (neutral comet assay) and DNA single strand breaks (SSBs) (alkaline comet assay) are presented. The percentage of tail DNA was used as a parameter of DNA damage. Bars indicate SD, n = 150, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to the control (ANOVA and Dunnett's a posteriori test). (B) pATM and pH2AX were measured using flow cytometry and Muse™ Multi-Color DNA Damage Kit. As a positive control for DNA damage, 24 h treatment with 20 µM etoposide was used (C+). Bars indicate SD, n = 3, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 compared to the control (ANOVA and Dunnett's a posteriori test). (C) 53BP1 foci formation was revealed using 53BP1 immunostaining and calculated per nucleus. Box and whisker plots are shown, n = 100, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to the control (ANOVA and Dunnett's a posteriori test). SFN, sulforaphane.