Table 1.
Comparisons of selected demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics among four epidemic waves and between survival and dead patients infected with H7N9
| Selected characteristics | Epidemic wave | P a | Clinical outcome | P b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (N=29) | 2 (N=27) | 3 (N=22) | 4 (N=25) | Survival (N=55) | Fatal (N=47) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Male, n (%) | 21 (72.4) | 20 (74.1) | 14 (63.6) | 17 (68.0) | .858 | 40 (72.7) | 31 (66.0) | .459 |
| Age, y, median (interquartile) | 54 (34‐71) | 53 (42‐66) | 57 (49.75‐69.25) | 53 (38.5‐65) | .698 | 52.00 (36.00‐60.00) | 60.00 (49.00‐73.00) | .005 |
| Overweight, n (%) | 3 (10.7) | 9 (33.3) | 6 (30.0) | 10 (40.0) | .096 | 12 (21.8) | 16 (35.6) | .128 |
| Rural residence, n (%) | 4 (13.8) | 7 (25.9) | 7 (31.8) | 10 (40.0) | .175 | 16 (29.1) | 12 (25.5) | .688 |
| Chronic medical condition | ||||||||
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 5 (18.5) | 1 (3.7) | 4 (20.0) | 2 (8.0) | .226c | 3 (5.6) | 9 (20.0) | .028 |
| Chronic cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 7 (25.9) | 11 (40.7) | 12 (60.0) | 8 (32.0) | .102 | 14 (25.9) | 24 (53.3) | .005 |
| Chronic metabolic disease, n (%) | 3 (11.1) | 5 (18.5) | 1 (5.0) | 3 (12.0) | .573c | 6 (11.1) | 6 (13.3) | .736 |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 1 (3.7) | 2 (7.4) | 2 (10.0) | 2 (8.0) | .860c | 4 (7.4) | 3 (6.7) | 1.000 |
| Any medical condition, n (%) | 14 (51.9) | 17 (63.0) | 13 (65.0) | 13 (52.0) | .693 | 29 (53.7) | 28 (62.2) | .393 |
| Selected time intervals, d | ||||||||
| Time interval from onset of symptom to first medical consultation, median (interquartile) | 2.00 (.00‐5.00) | 3.00 (1.00‐4.00) | 2.50 (.00‐5.75) | 3.00 (.00‐4.50) | .911 | 2.50 (0.75‐5.00) | 3.00 (0.00‐4.50) | .760 |
| Time interval from onset of disease to hospital admission, median (interquartile) | 5.00 (4.00‐8.50) | 5.00 (4.00‐7.00) | 5.00 (3.25‐7.75) | 5.00 (3.50‐6.50) | .850 | 5.00 (4.00‐7.00) | 5.00 (4.00‐7.00) | .759 |
| Time interval from onset of disease to laboratory confirmation, median (interquartile) | 12.00 (9.00‐15.00) | 10.00 (8.00‐12.00) | 8.00 (7.00‐12.00) | 8.00 (7.00‐11.50) | .007 | 10.00 (8.00‐12.00) | 10.00 (8.00‐13.00) | .895 |
| Time interval from onset of disease to antivirals administration, median (interquartile) | 9.00 (5.00‐14.00) | 7.00 (6.00‐9.00) | 7.00 (6.00‐9.00) | 7.00 (5.00‐8.50) | .567 | 7.00 (5.00‐10.25) | 7.00 (6.00‐9.00) | .980 |
| Time interval from onset of disease to glucocorticoids administration, median (interquartile) | 9.00 (5.00‐15.00) | 8.00 (6.00‐10.00) | 7.00 (5.25‐8.00) | 7.00 (5.00‐8.00) | .258 | 7.00 (6.00‐11.50) | 7.00 (5.00‐9.00) | .318 |
| Time length of antivirals administration, median (interquartile) | 12.00 (5.00‐15.00) | 14.00 (6.00‐23.00) | 9.50 (5.50‐13.75) | 12.00 (7.50‐14.00) | .228 | 11.50 (7.00‐14.25) | 13.00 (5.00‐19.50) | .598 |
| Time length of glucocorticoids administration, median (interquartile) | 7.00 (2.25‐15.25) | 8.50 (4.25‐12.00) | 8.50 (4.50‐18.00) | 13.25 (5.00‐20.75) | .483 | 10.00 (3.50‐16.50) | 7.00 (4.00‐18.00) | .685 |
| Time interval from onset of disease to ICU admission, median (interquartile) | 9.95 (6.46‐13.69) | 9.07 (7.59‐10.87) | 6.89 (5.60‐9.04) | 7.62 (5.77‐10.06) | .104 | 8.92 (6.69‐11.46) | 8.50 (6.04‐10.01) | .431 |
| Time interval from onset of disease to onset of ARDS, median (interquartile) | 8.50 (5.00‐14.00) | 9.50 (8.00‐11.50) | 6.00 (5.00‐8.00) | 8.00 (6.00‐8.75) | .017 | 8.00 (6.00‐11.00) | 8.00 (5.00‐10.00) | .260 |
| Time interval from onset of disease to onset of Respiratory failure, median (interquartile) | 8.00 (5.25‐14.00) | 9.00 (7.50‐10.50) | 6.00 (5.00‐8.00) | 7.00 (5.00‐8.00) | .004 | 7.50 (6.00‐10.00) | 8.00 (5.50‐10.00) | .810 |
| Disease duration, d | 31.00 (26.00‐46.00) | 21.00 (17.00‐35.00) | <.0001 | |||||
| Survival, median (interquartile) | 41.00 (26.00‐88.00) | 29.50 (26.50‐44.00) | 28.50 (21.00‐41.75) | 29.00 (26.75‐39.50) | .318 | |||
| Dead, median (interquartile) | 28.00 (20.00‐48.00) | 24.00 (19.50‐41.00) | 15.00 (12.50‐24.00) | 21.00 (13.00‐27.00) | .028 | |||
| Poultry exposure | ||||||||
| Occupational exposure, n (%) | 4 (14.8) | 2 (7.4) | 3 (15.0) | 3 (13.6) | .908 | 9 (17.6) | 3 (6.7) | .105 |
| Direct contact with poultry, n (%) | 6 (28.6) | 14 (51.9) | 8 (42.1) | 13 (59.1) | .206 | 23 (50.0) | 18 (41.9) | .441 |
| Visit to live poultry market or poultry farm, n (%) | 12 (60.0) | 20 (74.1) | 13 (68.4) | 12 (54.5) | .504 | 29 (61.7) | 28 (68.3) | .519 |
| Any poultry exposure, n (%) | 14 (51.9) | 20 (74.1) | 15 (75.0) | 17 (77.3) | .168 | 34 (66.7) | 32 (71.1) | .639 |
| Clinical outcome | ||||||||
| ARDS, n (%) | 16 (61.5) | 18 (66.7) | 16 (80.0) | 16 (66.7) | .601 | 23 (44.2) | 43 (95.6) | <.0001 |
| Respiratory failure, n (%) | 20 (76.9) | 21 (80.8) | 15 (78.9) | 15 (65.2) | .603 | 30 (57.7) | 41 (97.6) | <.0001 |
| Liver dysfunction, n (%) | 11 (45.8) | 11 (42.3) | 11 (55.0) | 5 (20.8) | .116 | 15 (30.0) | 23 (52.3) | .028 |
| Renal dysfunction, n (%) | 11 (44.0) | 7 (26.9) | 7 (35.0) | 6 (25.0) | .468 | 9 (17.6) | 22 (50.0) | .001 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 7 (28.0) | 7 (26.9) | 10 (50.0) | 2 (8.3) | .023 | 4 (7.8) | 22 (50.0) | <.0001 |
| Septic shock, n (%) | 8 (33.3) | 7 (26.9) | 10 (50.0) | 8 (33.3) | .427 | 6 (11.8) | 27 (62.8) | <.0001 |
| Fatality, n (%) | 10 (34.5) | 13 (48.1) | 13 (61.9) | 11 (44.0) | .287 | NA | ||
| Treatment | ||||||||
| Neuraminidase inhibitors, n (%) | 20 (74.1) | 27 (100.0) | 20 (100.0) | 21 (87.5) | .006 c | 47 (87.0) | 41 (93.2) | .507 |
| 75 mg/per time, n (%) | 16 (84.2) | 9 (33.3) | 5 (25.0) | 2 (9.5) | <.0001 | 18 (39.1) | 14 (34.1) | .630 |
| 150 mg/per time, n (%) | 3 (15.8) | 18 (66.7) | 15 (75.0) | 19 (90.5) | 28 (60.9) | 27 (65.9) | ||
| Glucocorticoids, n (%) | 16 (61.5) | 20 (76.9) | 16 (80.0) | 24 (100.0) | .010 | 37 (69.8) | 39 (90.7) | .012 |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 25 (96.2) | 27 (100.0) | 19 (95.0) | 25 (100.0) | .501c | 51 (96.2) | 45 (100.0) | .190c |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 21 (77.8) | 20 (74.1) | 17 (85.0) | 19 (79.2) | .842 | 35 (64.8) | 42 (95.5) | <.0001 |
a
Comparisons among four epidemic waves.
b
Comparisons between survival and dead patients.
c
Mann‐Whitney U tests (for two groups) or Kruskal‐Wallis H tests (for multiple groups) were used.