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Root vigor (A) and cell viability (B,C) of rice roots grown under unstressed control (open columns) or alkaline-stressed (filled columns) conditions for 3 days. Cell viability was visualized by Evan’s Blue staining as described in the “Materials and Methods” section. Values are means ± SD, n = 3. Asterisks denote a significant difference to the control plants (∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01).
