FIGURE 9.

Mitigation of cellular damage by the exogenous antioxidant procyanidins under alkaline stress. Two-week-old rice seedlings were pretreated with or without 0.98% procyanidins for 24 h, then subjected to unstressed control (CK and procyanidins) or alkaline-stressed conditions (Na₂CO₃ and procyanidins+Na₂CO₃) for 3 days. (A) Images of seedling growth under different treatments, (B) chlorophyll content, (C) membrane injury (MI), (D) Evan’s Blue staining (cell viability), (E) H₂O₂, and (F) ${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{\mathrm{•-}}$ content. The bars represent means ± SE, n = 3. The data were analyzed by conducting an analysis of variance, and different letters on the column denote a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05).