Table 1.

Ethnopharmacology and biological activities of Uzbek Lamiaceae family plants.

Plant Species and Local Name	Economic Value of the Species [2]	Areal of the Plant; Collected Place; Used Part of the Plant; and Yield of Obtained Essential Oil	Traditional Usage	Documented Biological Activities of the Plant Used
Hyssopus serawschanicus (Dubj.) Pazij—Zarafshon issopi (Ko’ko’t)	Medicinal, essential oils containing, food (spicy flavor), honey plant	Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan; Surkhandarya region (Khandiza); aerial parts; 0.34% [5]; 0.8%–1.0% [3]	Antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, analgesic, antitussive and stimulating activities. Decoctions used to treat bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, flu and diseases of the respiratory tract. Additionally, it is used to relieve inflammation of the urinary tract [3]	The essential oil showed notable antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus [3]
Leonurus panzerioides Popov—Qalqonsimon bargli arslon-quyruq		Western Tien Shan, Western Pamir-Alai; Namangan region; aerial parts; 0.2% [9]	The tincture is used as a sedative and a hypotensive agent in central Asian traditional medicine [39]	Chloroform extract of this plant inhibited HL-60 cells at 48 µg/mL [39]
L. turkestanicus V. I. Krecz. & Kuprian—Turkiston arslon-quyrug’i	Medicinal and honey plant	Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan; Tashkent region; aerial parts; 0.12% [9]	A tea and an infusion of the aboveground parts are used to treat nervous disorders, hypertension, hysteria, epilepsy, tachycardia, gastrointestinal, and female diseases, and are used as soporific, anti-inflammatory, diaphoretic, and laxative remedies. The plant is used in absent or painful menstruation, premenstrual tension, menopausal flushes. It is hypnotic and sedative and is used as a cardiac tonic [10,35,36]	Chloroform extract of this plant inhibited HL-60 cells at 26.8 µg/mL [35]
Mentha longifolia var. asiatica (Boriss) Rech. f.—Osiyo yalpizi	Medicinal, essential oils containing, food (spicy flavor), fodder, ornamental, honey plant	Central Asia, Altai; Tashkent region (Chatkal mountains); aerial parts; 0.34% [13]	An infusion and decoction of this plant is used as an anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, and is used to treat wounds, gastritis, dysenteria, diarrhea, colitis, gastralgia, tuberculosis, respiratory infections and toothaches. An infusion of the leaves and inflorescences is used as a choleretic and to treat gall bladder diseases [8]
Nepeta alatavica Lipsky—Olatov nepetasi	Essential oils containing, honey plant	Tien Shan; Tashkent region; aerial parts; 0.5% [15]		The essential oil of this plant showed substantial antioxidant activity [15]
N. olgae Regel—Ol’ga nepetasi	Medicinal, essential oils containing, honey plant	Central Asia, Afganistan; Navoiy region; aerial parts; 1.3% [15]		The essential oil of this plant showed weak antioxidant activity [15]
Origanum tyttanthum Gontsch.—Mayda gulli tog’raykhon	Medicinal, essential oils containing, food, honey plant	Central Asia; Tashkent region (Chatkal mountains); aerial parts; 1.09% [18]	A decoction of the herb is used in folk medicine to stimulate the appetite and to improve digestion, to treat inflammation of mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract, and decrease nervous excitability. Infusions and decoctions are applied externally as compresses for abscesses, and are also used in a bath to treat children who have rickets or scrofula. Water extractions of the aboveground plant parts are used to treat acute and chronic gastritis, bronchitis, cholecystitis, pneumonia, and urolithiasis and are also used as a cholagogue. A tea is used to treat tympanites, laryngitis, stomatitis, and angina, and as an oral and throat rinse [8]	It is an effective remedy to treat hypertension, atherosclerosis, kidney, liver, and epilepsy. It is a sedative for excitement of the central nervous system. A decoction of the dried leaves and flowers is used to treat intestinal atonia and as an expectorant. The plant is a component of a diaphoretic tea and is added to baths. The leaves are used as a spice and in liquor production. The essential oil has shown antimicrobial, hypocholesteremic and hypolipidemic activity [8]
		Surkhandarya region (spurs of Gissar mountains); whole plant [19]	The plant oil is used for soap-making, liquor production, fish canning and perfumery. The above ground parts of this species are used as a spice in salads, meat dishes, in salting or pickling of vegetables, in non-alcoholic (soft) drinks, and as an insecticide for dried fruit. Also in the folk medicine O. tytthanthum is used to treat gastritis, colitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia [19]	O. tytthanthum oil has been shown to possess antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas aemginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella sp. [19]
Perovskia scrophulariifolia Bunge—Muhlisbargli perovskiya, hapri, qisroq	Medicinal, essential oils containing, dyeing, honey plant	Tien Shan, Pamir-Alai; Kashkadarya region (Yakkabag); whole plant; 0.54% [22]	The water extract is used in the bath against sun burn and applied to the skin to fight different diseases, such as dermatitis. The decoction is also consumed to fight human intestinal parasites [21]	Antibacterial activity [23]
Phlomis thapsoides Bunge—Sigirquyruqkabi qo’ziquloq	Essential oils containing, feeding, dyeing, honey plant	Pamir-Alai, Afghanistan; Surkhandarya region; aerial parts; 0.13% [24]	This plant is used in traditional medicine as a hemostatic and astringent drug, for treatment of wounds and stomach ache [35]	The chloroform extract inhibited HL-60 cells at IC50 = 10.6 µg/mL [35]. The EtOAc extract showed medium strength antioxidant activities. Only lamiide isolated from this plant inhibited soybean 5-LOX with IC50 value 72.92 μg/mL in vitro. The plant extracts and isolated compounds against Caco-2 and HepG-2 cancer cells indicated low cytotoxicity [24]
Salvia korolkovii Regel et Schmalh. (Syn. Arischrada korolkovii)—Korol’kov marmaragi	Essential oils containing, ornamental, honey plant	Western Tien Shan; Tashkent region (Chatkal mountains); aerial parts; 1.1% [25]	Antiseptic activity, remedy for dermatitis and cancer [26]	The essential oil and tincture prepared from roots and leaves exhibited antibacterial activity [25]. Low cytotoxic activity against P3X cells [26]
Salvia sclarea L.—Muskat marmarak	Medicinal, essential oils containing, food, ornamental, honey plant	South-Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan; Surkhandarya region; Inflorescence; 0.08%–1.1% [27]	The aboveground parts are used to treat fevers, stomach ulcers, headaches, epilepsy, to improve digestion, and as an antiseptic. It is used in bathes to treat bladder diseases, polyarthritis, osteomyelitis, deforming arthrosis, and trophic ulcers. The leaves are used as a antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory. A decoction of the leaves is used as a mouth washes for acute respiratory diseases and throat illnesses, periostitis and is applied externally to purulent wounds and furuncles. The decoction of the leaves and inflorescences are used to treat tachycardia and asthenia [8]	Clinical studies showed that an ointment (with 5%–20% plant extract) was highly effective in treating. An emulsion of the oil was successfully used to treat osteomylitis, varicose veins, paronychia, burns, and other diseases. In experiments, a tincture of the herb increased respiration and arterial pressure and had diuretic properties. Compounds isolated from the plant were found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Proteus mirabilis [8]. Used in baths for nervous, polyarthritis, and patients with acute rheumatism [27]
Scutellaria immaculata Nevski ex Juz.—Dog’siz ko’kamaron		Western Tien Shan, Pamir-Alai; Namangan region; aerial parts; 0.2% [33]		Water extract of S. immaculata exhibited potent antioxidant activity [32]. The essential oils show moderate antioxidant activity [33]
S. ramosissima Popov—Sershoh ko’kamaron		Tien Shan, Northern Pamir-Alai; Tashkent region; aerial parts; 0.12% [33]	Treat epilepsy, inflammation, allergies, chorea, nervous tension, and high blood pressure [32,39]	The chloroform extract of S. ramosissima showed potent cytotoxic effects to cancer cells and the highest anti-trypanosomal effect against T. b. brucei. This extract has potent antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes. Water extract of S. ramosissima exhibited potent antioxidant activity [32]. The essential oils show moderate antioxidant activity [33]
S. schachristanica Juz.—Shahriston kukamaroni		Western Pamir–Alai; Jizzakh region; aerial parts; 0.09% [33]		The essential oils show moderate antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays [33]
Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam.(syn. Ziziphora brevicalyx Juz)—Hidli kiyiko’t	Medicinal, essential oils containing, food, honey plant	Central Asia, Western China, Siberia, Mongolia; Surkhandarya region (southwest Pamir-Alai, spur of the Hissar range, Khandiza); In inflorescences 0.6%–0.8%, in leaves 0.2%–0.3% [36]	The plant has been used since ancient times in traditional herbal medicines for the treatment of colds and cough [35]. An infusion and decoction is used to treat tachycardia, gastralgia, and heart illnesses with swelling. Juice from the plant is used as a vermifuge for pinworm in children, while an infusion of the leaves is used as an antipyretic and a decoction is used to treat typhoid fever [8]	Water and ethanol extracts of Z. clinopodioides showed no activity against several bacterial species, but some activity against COX-1 was recorded. The methanolic extract showed higher DPPH scavenging effect than the essential oil and other types of extracts [34]. A tincture of the herb possesses hypotensive, cardiotonic, and antihelminthic properties. The essential oil shows antibacterial and fungicidal activity. In experiments with mice, pretreatments with extracts of the plant reduced the biochemical, macro-, and microscopic effects of induced inflammatory bowel disease. Extracts and essential oil showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [8]. Z. clinopodioides oil has been evaluated for insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities [35]
Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved. —Gulbandli kiyiko’t	Medicinal, essential oils containing, food, honey plant	Tien Shan; Tashkent region (Chimgan area); aerial parts; 0.53% [38]	Used in cases of gastric intestinal and cardiovascular diseases [38]. A tincture and decoction of the aboveground parts are used as a diuretic and the fresh ground plant is used to heal wounds. An infusion of the herb, taken as a tea, is used as a hypotensive and to treat headaches [40]	Dry extract showed restoring impact on the functional condition of liver at its damage by alcohol and can be recommended as pathogenetic preparation for the treatment of diseases of hepatobiliary system [37]. In pharmacological studies, infusions, tinctures and liquid extracts of this plant had positive effects on myocarditis and myocardial infarction. The same preparations acted as a cardiotonic, decreased arterial pressure, and increased diuresis [40]