Table 2. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for obstructive lung disease, defined as FEV1/FVC<0.70, at enrollment.

Characteristics	Univariate	p-value	Multivariate	p-value
Age
Per 10-year increase	2.27 (1.48–3.46)	<0.001	2.08 (1.22–3.57)	0.007
Sex
Female	Ref.		Ref.
Male	3.21 (1.54–6.67)	0.002	1.18 (0.42–3.33)	0.74
BMI (kg/m2)
Per unit-increase	0.93 (0.87–0.99)	0.02	0.94 (0.88–1.02)	0.16
Smoking status
Never	Ref.		Ref.
Former	1.81 (0.78–4.19)	0.16	1.35 (0.50–3.67)	0.54
Current	5.94 (2.56–13.78)	<0.001	3.55 (1.20–10.53)	0.02
Pack-years
Per unit-increase	1.06 (0.98–1.14)	0.12	-	-
SHS
No	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	1.82 (0.89–3.72)	0.09	1.67 (0.76–3.63)	0.19
CD4 (cells/mm3)
Per 100-cell increase	1.04 (0.89–1.21)	0.56	1.02 (0.85–1.22)	0.82
Viral load (copies/mL)
Per log-increase	0.84 (0.61–1.15)	0.29	0.69 (0.43–1.10)	0.12
ART
Never	Ref.		Ref.
Ever	1.23 (0.58–2.61)	0.58	0.57 (0.18–1.75)	0.32
TB
No	Ref.		Ref.
Yes	0.78 (0.18–3.34)	0.73	0.58 (0.11–2.86)	0.50
CRP (mg/L)
Per unit-increase	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	0.006	1.01 (1.00–1.03)	0.04

BMI—body mass index, SHS—second hand smoking, ART—anti-retroviral therapy, TB—self-reported history of tuberculosis, CRP—C-reactive protein, Ref—reference group. Numbers in parenthesis are 95% confidence intervals. Multivariate models include age, sex, education, BMI, smoking, SHS, CD4 cell count, viral load, ART use, history of TB and plasma CRP levels. Pack-years smoked were excluded from the multivariate model due to collinearity.