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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 13.
Published in final edited form as: Methods Enzymol. 2014;549:189–219. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801122-5.00009-X

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic representing loss of hydrogen bonding under acidic and alkaline pH conditions. Note that neutral pH is optimum for hydrogen bonding. At very low and high values (<∼5 and >∼9), the pKa may become biased due to the competition of solvent ions with hydrogen bonding.