Table 3.
3D printing settings for printing PPF-HA gradient scaffolds and printing solution properties*
| Formulation | Temperature, T (°C) |
Pressure, P (bar) |
Print head speed, F (mm/s) |
Layer thickness, z (mm) |
Experimental fiber diameter, d (mm) |
Apparent viscosity, ηa (Pa•s) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surfactant | S-HA 10 % with SDS | 65 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.752 ± 0.003C | 30.8 ± 0.3A |
| S-HA 10 % without SDS | 65 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.682 ± 0.024C | 37.5 ± 2.6B | |
| Bilayer | B-HA 0 % | 50 | 0.3 | 12 | 0.3 | 0.794 ± 0.067B, C | 11.7 ± 2.1C, D |
| B-HA 10 % | 55 | 0.8 | 8 | 0.3 | 0.779 ± 0.093C | 5.5 ± 1.2E | |
| Gradient | G-HA 1.25 % | 55 | 0.4 | 10 | 0.3 | 0.931 ± 0.045A, B | 8.7 ± 0.9D, E |
| G-HA 2.5 % | 55 | 0.5 | 8 | 0.3 | 0.941 ± 0.023A | 8.9 ± 0.4D, E | |
| G-HA 5 % | 55 | 0.5 | 8 | 0.3 | 0.709 ± 0.055C | 15.8 ± 2.5C | |
| G-HA 10 % | 55 | 0.5 | 8 | 0.3 | 0.734 ± 0.015C | 14.6 ± 0.6C |
*
All other print settings are as follows: Syringe tip inner diameter (ds, 0.840 mm), fiber spacing, (s, 1.2 mm). Refer to Table S1 for the detailed list of print settings. Values marked with the same letter (A–E) do not differ statistically, with A being the highest value (p ≥ 0.05).