Fig. 8. Administration of flagellin reduced ischemic infarct volume and increased the activation of NF-κB and p-Akt after tMCAO in mice. (A) Schematic diagram showing the time window of flagellin injection after tMCAO in mice. (B) Animals that underwent a 30-min period of tMCAO had a significant infarct after 24 h of reperfusion. Administration of flagellin, especially at 50 and 100 ng/5 µl i.c.v., reduced these infarct volumes. This graph displays the statistical analysis of infarct volume. Data are mean±SE. n=3. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (^#p<0.05 compared with tMCAO group). (C) Effects of flagellin on NF-κB and Akt signaling using western blotting. Flagellin administration, especially at 50 and 100 ng/5 µl i.c.v., increased the translocation of p65 to the nucleus in mice. Phosphorylation of Akt was also increased in mice treated with flagellin. These results suggest that flagellin at low doses and early time points has neuroprotective effects on cerebral ischemia. The graphs illustrate the relative changes in the amount of phosphorylated Akt and p65. Data are mean±SE. n=4.