Table 6.
Drugs to facilitate ETI and reversal agents available at the responding Japanese emergency departments (EDs)a
| Item | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Analgesicsb | |
| At least one opioid | 135 (41.7) |
| Fentanyl | 116 (35.8) |
| Morphine | 95 (29.3) |
| Remifentanil | 3 (0.9) |
| Ketamine | 77 (23.8) |
| Pentazocin | 278 (85.8) |
| Buprenorphine | 144 (44.4) |
| Tramadol | 3 (0.9) |
| Lidocaine | 251 (77.5) |
| Other | 7 (2.2) |
| Sedativesb | |
| At least one sedative | 324 (100) |
| Diazepam | 300 (92.6) |
| Midazolam | 293 (90.4) |
| Propofol | 237 (73.1) |
| Thiopental | 153 (47.2) |
| Dexmedetomidine | 83 (25.6) |
| Haloperidol | 163 (50.3) |
| Droperidol | 17 (5.2) |
| Other | 3 (0.9) |
| Neuromuscular blocking agentsb | |
| At least one neuromuscular blocking agent | 222 (68.5) |
| Rocuronium | 187 (57.7) |
| Vecuronium | 72 (22.2) |
| Pancuronium | 2 (0.6) |
| Succinylcholine | 22 (6.8) |
| Reversal agentsb | |
| Sugammadex | 74 (22.8) |
| Flumazenil | 159 (49.1) |
| Naloxone | 50 (15.4) |
| Neostigmine | 38 (11.7) |
ETI endotracheal intubation
aBased on the replies of 324 of the 530 EDs queried
bEDs may have more than one drug