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. 2017 Sep 13;7:11450. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11734-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of butyrate-spiking on epithelial barrier integrity. Epithelial barrier integrity at day 4 and day 9 of differentiation of Caco-2 epithelial cells treated with 1/10 (v/v) microbial supernatant of incubated CD microbiota (boxes with downward diagonal pattern), which were treated or not (no probiotic) with B. pullicaecorum 25-3^T (BP25-3) or a mix of six butyrate-producers (MIX). In addition, 1/10 (v/v) diluted supernatant samples were spiked with butyrate (final concentration of 2 mM) (dark grey boxes). Data of spiked ‘no probiotic’, BP25-3 and MIX are expressed as % of the non-spiked ‘no probiotic’. Average TEER and P_app LY values with stdev are shown (n ≥ 3) of the two assays (active patient 5, A5, and patient in remission 4, R4). Significant differences with corresponding ‘no probiotic’ sample are indicated with an asterisk.