Table 1.

Methods for differentiating hPSCs into cardiomyocytes

(modified from [34])

Differentiation	Culture conditions	Limits	Efficiencya (%)	References
EBs	Serum-based media	Low efficiency Serum media	5–15	[3]
	RPMI + B27 supplement ActivinA + BMP4	Medium efficiency Batch-to-batch variability of growth factors Chemically undefined “B27”	60	[232]
	Bioreactor suspension culture RPMI + B27 supplement Small molecules	Chemical undefined “B27”	90	[233]
Inductive co-culture	Serum-based media Feeder layer Mouse END-2 cells	Low efficiency Serum media Requirement for mouse feeder cells	35	[22]
Monolayer culture	RPMI + B27 supplement ActivinA + BMP4	Low efficiency Batch-to-batch variability of growth factors Chemically undefined “B27”	35	[234]
	RPMI + B27 supplement Matrigel Sandwich ActivinA + BMP4	Batch-to-batch variability of Matrigel and growth factors Chemically undefined “B27”	90	[235]
	RPMI + B27 supplement Small molecules	Chemically undefined “B27”	90	[236]
	RPMI + human albumin l-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate Small molecules		85	[32]
	Na+ lactate		95
	ActivinA + BMP4	Medium efficiency Batch-to-batch variability of growth factors	50	[237]

^aEfficiency was calculated from flow cytometry data as the number of cells positive for cardiac troponin T (cTnT), MLC-2α, and MLC-2v, by immunostaining for MHC-β or by determining the percentage of EBs containing contracting areas