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. 2016 Aug 20;74(20):3649–3665. doi: 10.1007/s00018-016-2318-7

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 2 — Lipid peroxidation chain reaction. a Chemical structure of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). The carbon at position C3 targets cysteine modification. The aldehydes group targets lysine and histidine modifications. b Modification of a cysteine residue (SH) in a protein by HNE through thiol Michael addition at position C3