Table 2.
Major lipoprotein-associated proteins harboring antioxidative activities (Ref. [43]).
| Protein | Main source | Preferential location in the circulation | Mechanism of antioxidative activity | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ApoA-I | Liver, small intestine | HDL | Reduction of LOOH to redox-inactive LOH, ROS scavenging, PON1 activation | Largely determined by oxidative status of Met residues |
| ApoA-II | Liver | Large HDL | Reduction of LOOH to redox-inactive LOH | Largely determined by oxidative status of Met residues |
| ApoA-IV | Intestine | Chylomicrons, HDL | Removal of oxidized lipids from cells and lipoproteins, ROS scavenging | Primarily in a lipid-free form |
| ApoD | Brain, testes | HDL | Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by reduction of LOOH | Binds to LCAT, favors HDL to LDL association |
| ApoE | Liver | HDL3 | Inhibition of lipid peroxidation | Binds PON1, activity is allele-specific |
| ApoF | Liver | HDL, LDL | Modulator of CETP activity | |
| ApoJ | Brain, testes, ovary, liver, pancreas | HDL | Removal of oxidation products | |
| ApoL1 | Pancreas, lung, prostate, liver, placenta, spleen | HDL | Unknown | |
| ApoM | Liver, kidney | HDL | Unknown | |
| SAA | Liver | HDL | Binding of LOOH | |
| PON1 | Liver | HDL | Hydrolysis of short-chain oxidized PLs | Weak activity towards LOOH |
| LCAT | Liver | HDL | ||
| PAF-AH | Macrophages | LDL, Lp(a), HDL | Strong activity towards LOOH | |
| PON3 | Liver, kidney | HDL | Lactonase activity | |
| GPX3 | Kidney | HDL | Reduction of LOOH | Glutathione-dependent activity |
| CETP | Liver, adipose tissue | HDL | Enhanced transfer of oxidized lipids between LDL and HDL | Exchanges CE for TG between VLDL, LDL and HDL |
| PLTP | Placenta, pancreas, lung, kidney, heart, liver, muscle, brain | HDL | Unknown |
Apo, apolipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein; SAA, serum amyloid A; LCAT, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; PON, paraoxonase; PAF-AH, platelet activating factor acetyl hydrolase; GPX3, glutathion selenoperoxidase 3; CETP, cholesteryl-ester transfer protein; PLTP, phospholipid transfer protein; ROS, recative oxygen species; LOOH, lipid hydroperoxide; LOH, lipid hydroxide; PL, phospholipids; CE, cholesteryl ester; TG, triglyceride.