Table 1.
Overview of the characteristics of included studies. Data are presented in means ±SD. Abbreviations: HIIT (High intensity interval training), CON (control), SIT (sprint interval training), MICT (medium intensity continuous training), HI (high intensity), LI (low intensity), MeD (Mediterranean diet), MeDE (Mediterranean diet with exercise), AIT (aerobic interval training), MVIT (maximal volitional intensity training), WALK (walking exercise), CR (caloric restriction), CR+MI (caloric restriction + medium intensity exercise), CR+HI (caloric restriction +high intensity exercise), CMIET (continuous medium intensity exercise training), TER (traditional exercise recommendations)
| Study | N | Age (y) | BMI (kg/m 2 ) | Training | Intensity | Duration | Control | Outcome VO2max (ml.min.kg) | Outcome BMI (kg/m 2 ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arad et al. 2015 27 | 28 female |
HIIT: 29 ± 4 CON: 30 ±7 |
HIIT: 32.5 ±3.6 CON: 32.1 ±3.2 |
HIIT (cycling; 24 min) (3/week) |
6 min warm‐up 50%HRR 4x30‐60s 75‐90% HRR 5 min cool‐down | 14 weeks | Normal level of physical activity |
HIIT: from 23.1 ±4.9 to 24.9±5.5 CON: from 19.7 ±6.3 to 20.9 ±4.6 |
HIIT: from 32.5±3.6 to 32.7 ±3.8 CON: from 32.1±3.2 to 31.6 ±3.6 |
| Cheema et al. 2015 21 |
12 7: female 5: male |
39 ±17 |
HIIT: 32.0±5.9 CON: 30.8±2.6 |
HIIT (Boxing; 50 min) (4/week) |
5 min warm up HIIT 2:1 >75% HRR vs rest/pacing |
12 weeks |
50 min brisk walking (4/week) |
HIIT: from 27.9 ±2.4 to 32.5 ±5.0 CON: from 29.0 ±6.4 to 28.8 ±8.0 |
HIIT: from 32.0 ±5.9 to 30.5 ±4.0 CON: from 30.8 ±2.6 to 30.7 ±3.0 |
| Cocks et al. 2015 24 | 16 male |
SIT: 24 ±5.7 MICT:26±5.7 |
SIT: 35.8 ±4.2 MICT: 33.7±4.2 |
SIT (cycling) (5/week) |
2 min warm up (50W) 30s 200% Wmax /120s 30W 4 to 7 intervals |
12 sessions |
40‐60 min continuous cycling ‐65% VO2peak (5/week) |
SIT: from 33.9 ±3.4 to 36.3 ±4.5 MICT: 35.1 ±4.2 to 39.8 ±7.6 |
SIT: from 35.8 ±4.2 to 35.7 ±4.2 MICT: 33.7±4.2 to 33.1±4.5 |
| Hansen et al. 2009 38 | 50 male | 59 ±8 |
HIT: 32.1±4.5 LIT: 32.7±3.9 |
HIT (walking, cycling, cross‐country ski‐type exercise) (3/week) |
40 min continuous at 75% VO2peak | 6 months | 55 min continuous at 50% VO2peak |
HIT: from 20.8 ±5.5 to 24.7 ±6 LIT: from 20.9 ±5 to 23.5 ±5.5 |
HIT: from 32.1±4.5 to 31.4 ±4.5 LIT: from 32.7 ± 4 to 32.3 ±4.5 |
|
Higgins et al 2016 20 |
60 female | 20.4 ±1.5 | 30.3 ±4.5 |
SIT (cycle ergometer) (3/week) |
4 min warm‐up 30 s ‘all out” sprints, 4 min active recovery. 5 repetitions in week 1‐2, 6 repetitions in week 3‐4 and 7 repetitions in week 5‐6 |
6 weeks | 20‐30 min cycling at 60‐70% Heart rate reserve |
SIT: from 29.1 ±4.8 to 33.2 ± 4.4 MICT: from 26.9 ±4.5 to 28.8 ± 4.3 |
|
| Jakicic et al. 2003 29 | 201 female |
HI/HI: 38.3 ±5.4 MI/HI: 36.8±5.3 |
HI: 32.8 ±3.9 MI: 32.2 ±3.9 |
High intensity/high duration (treadmill) (5/week) |
12 months |
Moderate intensity/high duration (5/week) |
HI: from 20.2±2.9 to 24.5±4.8 MI: from 19.4±3.2 to 22.1±4.0 |
HI: from 32.9 ±3.9 to 29.5 ±4.8 MI: from 32.3 ±3.9 to 29.2 ±4.8 |
|
| Jung et al. 2015 30 |
32 27:female 5:male |
51 ±10 | 32.9 ±6.3 |
HIIT (25 min) (walking,elliptical machine, treadmill or cycling) (3/week) |
3 min warm up 10x1 min 90% HRpeak 2 min cool‐down |
10 days + 4 weeks | 20‐50 min continuous 65% HRpeak |
HIIT: from 20.7 ±3.3 to 22.6 ±4.1 MICT: from 20.8 ±5.2 to 22.0 ±4.6 |
HIIT: from 29.8 ±5.5 to 29.9 ±5.1 MICT: from 32.1 ±4.1 to 31.9 ±3.7 |
|
Keating et al. 2015 31 |
48 | 43.6 ±3.0 | 33.4 ±1.3 |
HI (cycling) (3/week) |
30‐45 min 60‐70% VO2peak | 8 weeks |
Low to moderate intensity, high volume (Brisk walking) 45‐60 min 50% VO2peak |
HI: from 21.9 ±4.8 to 24.9 ±5.5 LO: from 24.9 ±3.5 to 27.2 ±2.8 |
HI: from 36.3 ±5.9 to 35.8± 5.9 LO: from 33.9 ±3.1 to 33.4 ±3.1 |
| Landaeta‐Diaz et al. 2012 32 |
45 30: female 15: male |
MeD: 57.2 ±4.4 MeDE: 59.05 ±5.5 |
MeD: 38.44 ±6.5 MeDE: 37.05 ±3.22 |
MeDE (diet +exercise) (ergometer) (3/week) |
30 min 80% HRmax | 12 weeks | Diet only‐ calori restriction (500kcal/day) |
MeDE: from 18.87 ±5.59 to 27.31 ±4.70 MeD: from 19.99 ±5.72 to 22.38 ± 6.98 |
MeDE: from 37.05±3.22 to 33.79±3.21 MeD: from 38.44 ±6.5 to 36.35 ±6.12 |
|
Lunt et al. 2013 22 |
49 36:female 13:male |
WALK: 46.3 ±5.4 AIT: 48.2 ±5.6 MVIT: 50.3 ±8.0 |
WALK: 32.7 ±4.3 AIT: 32.1 ±3.1 MVIT: 32.4 ±2.9 |
AIT: aerobic interval training (walking) MVIT: maximal volitional intensity training (3/week) |
AIT: 4min HIIT (85‐95% HRmax)/3 min walking 4 repetitions (40 min) MVIT: 30 s volitional intensity/4 min walking 3‐6 repititions (25‐40 min) 10 min warming up 5 min cool‐down |
12 weeks |
WALK: 10 min warming up 5 min cool down 33 min walk (65‐75% HRpeak) |
AIT: from 24.2 ±4.8 to 25.6 ±4.8 MVIT: from 25.0 ±2.8 to 25.2 ±3.4 WALK: from 26.5 ±5.3 to 25.2 ±3.6 |
AIT: from 32.1 ±3.1 to 32.1 ±3.0 MVIT: from 32.4 ±2.9 to 32.3 ±2.9 WALK: from 32.4 ±2.9 to 32.3 ±2.9 |
| Mezghanni et al. 2012 33 | 31 female | 25.2 ±4.8 |
G75: 32.9 ±1.8 G50: 34.1 ±3.6 CON: 33.2 ±1.8 |
High intensity aerobic training (walking and jogging) |
G75: 20‐55 min 75% HRR | 12 weeks |
Moderate intensity aerobic training G50: 20‐55min 50% HRR OR Control |
G75: from 32.9 ±1.8 to 30.5 ±2.4 G50: from 34.1 ±3.6 to 32.9 ±3.8 CON: from 33.2 ±1.8 to 33.3 ±1.7 |
|
|
Nicklas et al. 2009 23 |
112 female |
CR: 58.4 ±6.0 CR+MI: 57.7 ±5.5 CR+HI: 59.0 ±5.0 |
CR: 33.9 ±4.0 CR+MI: 33.7 ±3.5 CR+HI: 32.9 ±3.7 |
Caloric restriction + high intensity exercise (treadmill) (3/week) |
3‐5 min warm up CR+HI: 70‐75%HRR |
20 weeks |
CR+MI: 45‐50%HRR OR CR only |
CR+HI: +4.1 ± 3.7 CR+MI: +2.5 ±2.6 CR only: +2.0 ±2.6 |
|
| Robinson et al. 2015 34 | 39 | 52±10 |
HIIT: 32.9± 6.6 MICT: 31.4 ± 4.1 |
HIIT (cycle, treadmill, elliptical) |
HIIT: 3 min warm up 4x 1:1 85‐90% Wpeak/20% Wpeak to 10x 1:185‐90% Wpeak / 20% Wpeak Cooldown (32.5% Wpeak) |
2 weeks | 20‐50 min of continuous activity at 32.5% Wpeak |
HIIT: from 20.4 ±3.4 to 21.9 ±4.0 MICT: from 20.6 ±4.9 to 22.1 ±4.7 |
HIIT: from 32.9 ±6.6 to 32.6 ±6.7 MICT: from 31.4 ±4.1 to 31.3 ±4.0 |
|
Roxburgh et al. 2014 36 |
29 19: female 10: male |
36.3 ± 6.9 |
CMIET+HIIT: 30.7± 6.3 CMIET: 29.6± 4.7 Control: 29.2 ±4.2 |
CMIET+ single bout of HIIT (treadmill and cycling) (5/week) |
4 sessions CMIET +1 session HIIT: 60s 100%VO2max ‐150 s recovery 8‐12 repetitions |
12 weeks |
CMIET: 15 min walking and 15 min cycling (45‐60%HRR) Control: normal activity level. No exercise |
CMIET+HIIT: from 32.7 ±9.2 to 36.0±11.5 CMIET: from 33.2±4.0 to 34.5 ±6.1 CON: from 30±4.6 to 28.3±6.5 |
CMIET+HIIT: from 30.7 ±6.3 to 30.6±6.1 CMIET: from 29.6±4.7 to 29.4±4.7 CON: from 29.2 ±4.2 to 29.5±4.4 |
|
Sawyer et al. 2016 26 |
18 9: female 9: male |
HIT: 35.6 ±8.9 MICT: 34.8 ±7.7 |
HIIT: 37.4 ±6.2 MICT: 34.5 ±3.2 |
HIIT (cycle ergometer) (3/week) |
5 min warm‐up (50‐60% HRmax) 10x 1 min intervals (90‐95% HRmax) 5 min cool‐down (50‐60% HRmax) |
8 weeks |
5 min warm‐up (50‐60% HRmax) 30 min cycling at 70‐75% of HRmax 5 min cool‐down (50‐60% HRmax |
HIIT: from 20.3 ±4.9 to 24.4 ±5.9 MICT: from 22.4 ±3.6 to 25.5 ±4.5 |
HIIT: from 37.4 ±6.2 to 37.4 ±6.1 MICT: from 34.5 ±3.2 to 34.5 ±3.2 |
|
Schjerve et al. 2008 37 |
40 32: female 8: male |
Strength: 46.2 ± 10.6 Moderate intensity: 44.4 ±7.9 High intensity: 46.9±7.9 |
Strength: 34.5±5.05 Moderate intensity: 36.7±5.05 High intensity: 36.6±4.49 |
HIIT (treadmill, walking and running) (3/week) |
10 min warm up 50‐60% HRmax 4x4 min 85‐95% + 3 min interval walking 50‐60% HRmax 5 min cool down |
12 weeks |
Moderate intensity: 47 min walking 60‐70% HRmax Strenght training: 15 min warm up 40‐50% HRmax 4x5 90% 1RM |
||
| Skleryk et al. 2013 25 | 16 male | 38.7±5.5 | 33.7±5.7 |
Sprint interval training (SIT) (ergometer) (6 sessions) |
8‐12x10 s ‘all out’ sprints | 2 weeks |
Traditional exercise recommendations (TER) 30 min 65% VO2max (10 sessions) |
SIT: from 29.7 ±3.7 to 29.3±5.3 TER: from 26.3±5.7 to 26.3±6.2 |
SIT: from 32.2±5.9 to 32.2±5.9 TER: from 35.2±5.1 to 35.2±5.1 |
| Trilk et al. 2011 35 | 28 female |
SIT: 30.1±6. CON: 31.4±5.5 |
SIT: 35.7±6. CON: 34.6±5.9 |
Sprint interval training (SIT)(ergometer) (3/week) |
SIT: 4 min warm up 30 s sprint against resistance (0.05kg/kg) 4 min active recovery (low RPM at 0% body mass) |
4 weeks | Normal level of physical activity |
SIT: from 21.6±4.12 to 24.5±4.12 CON: from 20.5±3.4 to 20.4±3.0 |