Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of biomarkers from different urine fractions

Urine fractions	Types of biomarker	Advantages and disadvantages		References
Urine sediment	Cell number mRNA miRNA	Complexity to obtain samples Complexity to extract RNA NA stability Information reflecting active renal cell status Complexity to detect cell specific-RNA	+ + + + +	[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
Urine supernatant	Cytokines, chemokines Urine peptide	Complexity to obtain samples RNA stability Information reflecting active renal cells status Complexity to detect cell specific-RNA	+ + ++ +++	[15,16,17,18]
Urinary extracellular vesicle (ECV)	mRNA miRNA lncRNAs	Complexity to obtain samples Complexity to extract RNA RNA stability Information reflecting active renal cells status Complexity to detect cell specific-RNA	+++ ++ +++ ++ ++	[23,24,25,26,27,28,43]

+, ++, +++ represent less, more and most respectively.