Table 2.
Cox proportional hazards model evaluating effect of baseline retinopathy on progression of fasting glucose
| FPG Progression | ||
|---|---|---|
| p-value | Retinopathy HR (95% CI) | |
| N = 194 | ||
| Retinopathy (0=No, 1=Yes) | 0.035 | 2.02 (1.05 – 3.89) |
| N = 194 | ||
| Stage 1: Baseline variables | ||
| Retinopathy + treatment group (acarbose vs. placebo) | 0.046 | 1.96 (1.01 – 3.79) |
| Retinopathy + Age (years) | 0.039 | 1.99 (1.04 – 3.84) |
| Retinopathy + Weight (kg) | 0.026 | 2.12 (1.10 – 4.08) |
| Retinopathy + FPG (mmol/L) | 0.030 | 2.08 (1.08 – 4.01) |
| Retinopathy + OGTT 30 min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.060 | 1.88 (0.97 – 3.63) |
| Retinopathy + OGTT 60 min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.050 | 1.93 (1.01 – 3.72) |
| Retinopathy + OGTT 120 min glucose (mmol/L) | 0.034 | 2.04 (1.06–3.92) |
| Retinopathy + Fasting NEFA (mmol/L) | 0.11 | 1.73 (0.89 – 3.38) |
| Retinopathy + HbA1c (%) | 0.031 | 2.06 (1.07 – 3.98) |
| Retinopathy + SBP (mmHg) | 0.038 | 2.01 (1.04–3.88) |
| Retinopathy + DBP (mmHg) | 0.037 | 2.02 (1.05–3.90) |
| N = 164 | ||
| Stage 1: Change variables | ||
| Retinopathy + Δ FPG (mmol/L) | 0.16 | 1.67 (0.82–3.42) |
| Retinopathy + Δ OGTT Glucose (30 min – 0 min) (mmol/L) | 0.08 | 1.92 (0.93 – 3.94) |
| Retinopathy + Δ OGTT Glucose (60 min – 0 min) (mmol/L) | 0.11 | 1.80 (0.88 – 3.69) |
| Retinopathy + Δ OGTT AUC Excursion (mmol/L * min) | 0.12 | 1.75 (0.86 – 3.59) |
| Retinopathy + Δ Fasting Insulin (pmol/L) | 0.27 | 1.55 (0.71 – 3.40) |
| Retinopathy + Δ HbA1C (%) | 0.26 | 1.54 (0.73 – 3.22) |
| Retinopathy + Δ weight | 0.13 | 1.74 (0.85–3.55) |
| N = 194 | ||
| Stage 2 Model 1: Multivariable analysis with baseline variables | HR (95%CI) per variable | |
| Retinopathy | 0.12 | 1.80 (0.87 – 3.76) |
| Treatment group (acarbose vs. placebo) | 0.60 | 1.16 (0.67–2.03) |
| Age | 0.03 | 0.97 (0.94 – 1.00) |
| Weight | 0.12 | 1.01 (1.00 – 1.02) |
| FPG | <0.0001 | 3.07 (1.81 – 5.20) |
| OGTT 30 min glucose | 0.27 | 1.10 (0.93 – 1.31) |
| OGTT 60 min glucose | 0.36 | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) |
| OGTT 120 min glucose | 0.32 | 1.09 (0.92–1.30) |
| HbA1c | 0.42 | 1.28 (0.85 – 1.93) |
| SBP | 0.24 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| DBP | 0.76 | 1.04 (0.98–1.03) |
| N = 164 | ||
| Stage 2 Model 2: Multivariable analysis with baseline and change variables | ||
| Retinopathy | 0.78 | 1.14 (0.45 – 2.90) |
| Treatment group | 0.96 | 0.98 (0.53–1.82) |
| Age | 0.14 | 0.98 (0.95 – 1.01) |
| Weight | 0.19 | 1.01 (0.99 – 1.03) |
| FPG | 0.10 | 1.67 (0.90 – 3.11) |
| OGTT 30 min glucose | 0.0002 | 1.55 (1.24–1.95) |
| OGTT 60 min glucose | 0.009 | 0.76 (0.61–0.93) |
| OGTT 120 min glucose | 0.24 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
| HbA1c | 0.77 | 1.09 (0.61 – 1.94) |
| SBP | 0.057 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) |
| DBP | 0.19 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
| Δ OGTT Glucose (30 min – 0 min) (mmol/L) | <0.0001 | 1.58 (1.34–1.87) |
Abbreviations: Δ, delta; AUC, area under the curve; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1C, hemogloblin A1C; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval