Table 3.

Uni- and multivariable analysis of change in physical component summary (PCS) scores between 1995–1996 and 2005–2007

	Univariable	Multivariable 1	Multivariable 2
R2		0.1107	0.1835
Intercept		−1.66**	−0.47
Age, per 1 year	−0.09**	−0.02	−0.08
Sex, versus female*	−0.07		−0.75
BMI, per 1 kg/m2*	−0.39		−0.29
Education, per 1 year*	0.47**	0.45**	0.54**
Employment, versus working at both visits
Working and stopped	−4.54**	−3.16	−2.89
Working and retired	−5.26**	−4.27**	−2.56
Unemployed and started working	0.68	1.66	3.75
Unemployed at both visits	1.73	3.54	6.74
Retired at both visits	1.88	5.04	3.61
Other	0.31	−0.10	−1.27
HbA1c, per 1 unit %	0.31		−0.16
Diabetes duration, per 1 year*	−0.11		0.01
Cardiovascular, versus no disease
Onset before 95–96 visit	−2.58	−1.20	0.01
Onset after 95–96 visit	−3.34**	−2.59**	−3.55**
Nephropathy, versus no disease
Onset before 95–96 visit	−0.94		1.13
Onset after 95–96 visit	−1.47		−2.02
Neuropathy, versus no disease
Onset before 95–96 visit	−1.98**	0.30	−0.98
Onset after 95–96 visit	−2.66**	−0.39	0.11
Amputation, versus no disease
Onset before 95–96 visit	−4.68**	−7.24**	−9.22**
Onset after 95–96 visit	−1.75	0.72	−2.64
Visual acuity, per 3-line decrease	−2.59**	−2.11	−1.79
Diabetic retinopathy, versus no change
Improvement	2.42		2.05
Progression	−0.65		−1.49

Unstandardized regression coefficients

Univariable univariable analysis

Multivariable 1 included only statistically significant variables in the univariate analysis

Multivariable 2 included all variables in the model

^*1995–1996 visit values

^**p < 0.05