Table 1. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with prostate cancer and control subjects.
| Characteristics | Patients | Controls | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Age (years) | < 65 | 30 (29.4) | 26 (52.0) | 0.007* |
| ≥ 65 | 72 (70.6) | 24 (48.0) | ||
| Ancestry | Caucasian | 79 (77.5) | 39 (78.0) | 0.94 |
| Africana | 23 (22.5) | 11 (22.0) | ||
| Smoking habit | Yes | 31 (30.4) | 15 (30.0) | 0.96 |
| No | 71 (69.6) | 35 (70.0) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | Yes | 58 (56.9) | 31 (62.0) | 0.55 |
| No | 44 (43.1) | 19 (38.0) | ||
| Exposure to xenobiotic | Yes, agrochemicals | 54 (52.9) | 24 (48.0) | 0.68 |
| Yes, others | 22 (21.6) | 14 (28.0) | ||
| No | 26 (25.5) | 12 (24.0) | ||
| Family history of cancer | Yes | 62 (60.8) | 23 (46.0) | 0.09 |
| Yes, prostate | 16 (15.7) | 4 (16.0) | ||
| No | 40 (39.2) | 27 (54.0) | ||
| PSAb (ng/mL) | ≤ 4.0 | 9 (8.8) | 50 (100.0) | |
| 4.1 to 10.0 | 39 (38.2) | |||
| > 10.0 | 54 (52.9) | |||
| Gleason score | 3 to 6 | 58 (56.9) | ||
| 7 | 32 (31.4) | |||
| 8 to 9 | 10 (9.8) | |||
| Missing | 2 (1.9) | |||
| Bilateral tumor | P | 47 (46.1) | ||
| A | 52 (51.0) | |||
| Missing | 3 (2.9) | |||
| Bone metastasis | P | 11 (10.8) | ||
| A | 88 (86.3) | |||
| Missing | 3 (2.9) | |||
| Treatmentc,d | Prostatectomy | 61 (59.8) | ||
| Hormone therapy | 16 (15.7) | |||
| Radiotherapy | 19 (18.6) | |||
| Orchiectomy | 8 (7.8) | |||
| Otherse | 10 (9.8) |
aAfro-descendants and black
bPSA = Prostate-specific antigen
cTreatment performed after collection
dPatients may receive one or more treatment types
ePatients who are under active surveillance or refused treatment
P = Present; A = Absent.
*Statistically significant difference (Student’s t-test, P < 0.05)