Table 2. Activities and roles.

Authors (year of publication)	General management and leadership work	Balancing between management and medicine*
Andersson (2015) [8]	-	Influencing for multiple objectives
Barrable (1988) [34]	Strategy, business planning, responsible for performance, finance, HR, decision making, policy, meetings	Influencing for multiple objectives
Betson & Pedroja (1989) [11]	Staff management, consensus building, communication, strategy, responsible for performance, finance, HR, decision making, committees, research and teaching, meetings, policy, negotiation	Bridging management and medicine, dealing with tensions, representing medical staff
Buchanan et al. (1997) [12]	Multidisciplinary collaboration, communication, staff management, responsible for performance, finance, HR, problem solving, administration, meetings	Influencing for multiple objectives, representing medical staff
Dawson et al. (1995) [35]	Multidisciplinary collaboration, staff management, leading a team, communication, strategy, business planning, responsible for performance, leading change, finance, negotiation, contracting, HR, networking	Bridging management and medicine, representing medical staff
Dedman et al. (2011) [13]	-	-
Dine et al. (2010) [36]	Strategy, finance, decision making, coordination and delegation, consensus building, administration, meetings, communication, policy, feedback, empowering others	-
Dwyer (2010) [28]	Multidisciplinary collaboration, staff management, strategy, responsible for performance, leading change, finance, clinical issues, HR, networking, research and teaching, legal issues, policy	Bridging management and medicine, influencing for multiple objectives
Hallier & Forbes (2005) [37]	Responsible for performance, finance	-
Holmboe et al. (2003) [38]	Committees, empowering others, multidisciplinary collaboration, consensus building, communication, feedback, responsible for performance, leading change	-
Hopkins et al. (2015) [39]	-	-
Authors (year of publication)	General management and leadership work	Balancing between management and medicine
Kindig & Lastirir-Quiros (1989) [40]	Multidisciplinary collaboration, staff management, consensus building, communication, strategy, business planning, policy, responsible for performance, leading change, finance, clinical issues, negotiation, HR, research and teaching, legal issues, networking, risk management, representing interests	-
Kippist & Fitzgerald (2009) [31]	-	-
Kuhlman et al. 2016 [41]	Administration, responsible for performance, staff management	-
Leigh & Newman (1997) [42]	Finance, contracting, strategy, networking, negotiation, responsible for performance, staff management, influencing, leading change, clinical issues, HR	Decision making, influencing for multiple objectives, bridging management and medicine
Llewellyn (2001) [43]	Finance, consensus building, responsible for performance, risk management, negotiation	Bridging management and medicine, influencing for multiple objectives, decision making
Meier (2015) [2]	Multidisciplinary collaboration, coordination and delegation	Negotiation, decision making
Mo (2008) [44]	Staff management, strategy, responsible for performance, leading change, HR, administration	Bridging management and medicine, role making
Ong (1998) [32]	Staff management, leading a team, strategy, networking, business planning	Role making, bridging management and medicine
Palmer et al. (2009) [45]	-	-
Pepermans et al. (2001) [47]	Staff management, consensus building, communication, responsible for performance, coordination and delegation, problem solving, networking, administration, meetings, decision making, empowering others	-
Quinn & Perelli 2016 [46]	Administration, meetings, HR, consensus building	Bridging management and medicine, influencing for multiple objectives
Robinson et al. (2013) [48]	Advising, finance, HR	-
Authors (year of publication)	General management and leadership work	Balancing between management and medicine
Rotar et al. 2016 [49]	Advising, HR, teaching, clinical issues, staff management, decision-making, finance	-
Spehar et al. (2015) [50]	Finance, administration, advising, empowering others	Influencing for multiple objectives, role making
Spyridonidis et al. (2015) [51]	Multidisciplinary collaboration, responsible for performance, leading change, research and teaching	Role making, coordination and delegation, negotiation, influencing for multiple objectives, bridging management and medicine
Taylor et al. (2008) [52]	-	-
Thorne (1997a) [53]	Staff management, strategy, responsible for performance, leading change, finance, contracting, meetings, negotiation	Influencing for multiple objectives, bridging management and medicine, role making, dealing with tensions
Thorne (1997b) [54]	Leadership by example, staff management, strategy, leading change, clinical issues, finance, contracting, networking	Decision making, influencing for multiple objectives
Vinot (2014) [9]	Multidisciplinary collaboration, staff management, strategy, responsible for performance, finance, coordination and delegation, contracting, HR, administration	Bridging management and medicine
Willcocks (1995) [30]	Leading a team, strategy, problem solving, decision making, negotiation,	Role making, representing medical staff
Williams (2001) [10]	Contracting, risk management, staff management, administration, strategy, finance, responsible for performance	-
Williams & Ewell (1996) [55]	Strategy, finance, committees	Representing medical staff, decision making
Witman et al. (2010) [6]	Staff management, feedback, advising, responsible for performance, influencing, leading by example, consensus building, meetings, communication	Bridging management and medicine, influencing for multiple objectives

* Features indicated with an asterisk indicate the unique features of medical leadership in contrast to those of general leadership