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Dose distribution results at one CT slice for patient 2: MIP model with dose‐volume constraints (left) and quadratic model solved by L‐BFGS method (right). Green: Clinical target volume (CTV), Cyan: Brain stem. Red: prescription iso‐dose line (68 Gy[RBE]), Dark Blue: iso‐dose line of 54 Gy[RBE]. MIP model with dose‐volume constraints generated a plan with much better brain stem protection at the cost of slight tumor underdosage.
